Abstract:Abstract: Malaria remains a major global health problem, particularly in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Accurate early diagnosis is essential for reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality. Conventional microscopic…
oscopic examination is time-consuming, highly dependent on expert personnel, and prone to human error. This study compares the performance of two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, ResNet-50 and DenseNet-121, for malaria image classification. The Cell Images for Malaria dataset provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through Kaggle was used, consisting of 27,558 microscopic blood cell images categorized into Parasitized and Uninfected classes. The dataset was divided into 80% training data and 20% testing data. Image preprocessing included resizing to 224 × 224 pixels, normalization, labeling, and data augmentation using RandomFlip, RandomRotation, RandomZoom, and RandomContrast. Experimental results showed that the ResNet-50 model trained for 100 epochs achieved the highest performance, with an accuracy of 95.54% and precision, recall, and F1-score of 0.96. The confusion matrix indicated 5,272 correctly classified images out of 5,510 testing samples. These findings demonstrate that ResNet-50 outperformed DenseNet-121 and has strong potential for supporting accurate, reliable, and efficient computer-aided malaria diagnosis based on microscopic blood smear images.
Keywords: computer-aided diagnosis; convolutional neural network (CNN); densenet-121; early detection; image classification; malaria; microscopic blood smear images; resnet-50;
Abstrak : Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang serius, terutama di negara tropis seperti Indonesia. Diagnosis dini yang akurat sangat penting untuk menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Metode konvensional berupa pemeriksaan mikroskopis memiliki keterbatasan karena memerlukan waktu yang relatif lama, bergantung pada tenaga ahli, dan berpotensi menimbulkan kesalahan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan kinerja arsitektur Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) yaitu ResNet-50 dan DenseNet-121 dalam klasifikasi citra malaria. Dataset yang digunakan berasal dari Cell Images for Malaria yang disediakan oleh National Institutes of Health (NIH) melalui platform Kaggle, terdiri dari 27.558 citra dengan pembagian 80% data latih, 20% data validasi. Tahap praproses meliputi cleaning, resizing citra menjadi 224×224 piksel, normalisasi, labeling, serta data augmentasi menggunakan RandomFlip, RandomRotation, RandomZoom, dan RandomContrast. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa model ResNet-50 pada epoch 100 memperoleh akurasi sebesar 95,54% dengan nilai precision, recall, dan F1-score masing-masing sebesar 0,96. Confusion matrix menunjukkan jumlah prediksi benar sebanyak 5.272 dari total 5.510 data uji. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa arsitektur CNN mampu mengklasifikasikan citra malaria dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi dan memiliki kemampuan generalisasi yang baik terhadap data baru. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi dalam evaluasi performa arsitektur CNN untuk mendukung pengembangan sistem diagnosis malaria berbasis citra mikroskopis yang lebih cepat dan akurat.
Kata kunci: convolutional neural network (CNN); citra mikroskopis hapusan darah; densenet-121; diagnosis berbantuan komputer; deteksi dini; klasifikasi citra; malaria; resnet-50
Abstract:Abstract: The rapid degradation of mangrove ecosystems threatens coastal biodiversity, shoreline stability, and carbon sequestration capacity, particularly in areas experiencing intense human activity. However, community-based…
-based participatory mangrove monitoring remains limited due to the lack of accessible and user-friendly digital tools. This study aims to design an intuitive mobile application for mangrove tree detection and participatory ecological monitoring using a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach. The research was conducted iteratively through user needs analysis, prototype development, and usability evaluation involving local governments, conservation practitioners, and non-expert users. The proposed application integrates machine learning for automated mangrove recognition with geospatial visualization and real-time feedback to support field-based monitoring. Usability evaluation using the System Usability Scale (SUS) yielded an overall score of 82.3, categorized as excellent usability, indicating high user satisfaction and intuitive interaction. The results demonstrate that integrating UCD and machine learning enhances usability, user engagement, and the accuracy of mangrove documentation under real field conditions. Overall, this study presents a field-ready, user-centered mobile solution that bridges usability engineering and participatory mangrove monitoring as a replicable model for inclusive ecological application development.
Keywords: Carbon sequestration; mangrove monitoring; mobile application; user-centered design; usability evaluation
Abstrak: Degradasi ekosistem mangrove yang semakin cepat mengancam keanekaragaman hayati pesisir, stabilitas garis pantai, dan kapasitas sekuestrasi karbon, terutama di wilayah dengan aktivitas manusia yang intens. Namun, pemantauan mangrove secara partisipatif berbasis komunitas masih terbatas akibat kurangnya perangkat digital yang mudah diakses dan ramah pengguna. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang aplikasi mobile yang intuitif untuk deteksi pohon mangrove dan pemantauan ekologi partisipatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan User-Centered Design (UCD). Penelitian dilakukan secara iteratif melalui analisis kebutuhan pengguna, pengembangan prototipe, dan evaluasi kegunaan dengan melibatkan pemerintah daerah, praktisi konservasi, serta pengguna non-ahli. Aplikasi yang diusulkan mengintegrasikan pembelajaran mesin untuk pengenalan mangrove secara otomatis dengan visualisasi geospasial dan umpan balik waktu nyata guna mendukung pemantauan di lapangan. Evaluasi kegunaan menggunakan System Usability Scale (SUS) menghasilkan skor keseluruhan sebesar 82,3 yang termasuk dalam kategori kegunaan sangat baik, menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan pengguna yang tinggi dan interaksi yang intuitif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi UCD dan pembelajaran mesin meningkatkan kegunaan, keterlibatan pengguna, serta akurasi dokumentasi mangrove dalam kondisi lapangan. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menyajikan solusi mobile berbasis UCD yang siap digunakan di lapangan dan menjembatani rekayasa kegunaan dengan pemantauan mangrove partisipatif sebagai model replikatif bagi pengembangan aplikasi ekologi yang inklusif.
Kata kunci: Carbon sequestration; mangrove monitoring; mobile application; user-centered design; usability evaluation
Abstract:Abstract: Mental health is an essential aspect of overall well-being, particularly for university students vulnerable to emotional strain. This study aims to identify clusters of student mental health trends using the K-Means…
Means clustering technique. The research involved 60 students from four academic programs at the Faculty of Science and Technology, selected using stratified and cluster sampling techniques. Data were collected using a modified Mental Health Inventory (MHI). The results revealed distinct commonalities among majors: the Statistics program was predominantly defined by the depressed cluster at 53.3%, while Mathematics followed at 40% within the same cluster. In contrast, Biology students predominantly fell under the neu-tral/stable cluster (66.7%), whilst Information Systems students exhibited an even distribution (33.3% per cluster) without a dominant trend. The clustering quality was evaluated using the Silhouette Coefficient, yielding a range of 0.39 to 0.60. Biology (0.60) and Statistics (0.54) exhibited a reasonable structure, but Information Systems (0.39) and Mathematics (0.34) demonstrated a deficient structure. In conclusion, K-Means effectively discerns mental health patterns, providing a data-driven basis for targeted psychological interventions in educational settings.
Keywords: biology; information systems; k-means; mathematics; mental health; silhouette coefficient; statistics
Abstrak: Kesehatan mental merupakan komponen vital dari kesejahteraan total, terutama bagi maha-siswa yang rentan terhadap stres emosional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kelompok tren kesehatan mental mahasiswa melalui penerapan metode pengelompokan K-Means. Studi ini mencakup 60 mahasiswa dari empat program studi di Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, yang dipilih melalui metode pengambilan sampel bertingkat dan kelompok. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan Inventaris Kesehatan Mental (MHI) yang dimodifikasi. Temuan menunjukkan kesamaan yang jelas di antara jurusan: program studi Statistika terutama ditandai oleh kelompok depresi (53,3%), diikuti oleh Matematika dengan 40% dalam kelompok depresi. Sebaliknya, mahasiswa Biologi terutama termasuk dalam kelompok netral/stabil (66,7%), sedangkan mahasiswa Sistem Informasi memiliki distribusi yang merata (33,3% per kelompok) tanpa pola yang dominan. Kualitas pengelompokan dinilai dengan Koefisien Sil-houette, menghasilkan rentang 0,39 hingga 0,60. Biologi (0,60) dan Statistika (0,54) memiliki struktur sedang, sedangkan Sistem Informasi (0,39) dan Matematika (0,34) menunjukkan struktur yang buruk. Kesimpulannya, K-Means secara akurat mengidentifikasi tren kesehatan mental, menawarkan landasan berbasis data untuk terapi psikologis yang ditargetkan di ling-kungan pendidikan.
Kata kunci: biologi; kesehatan mental; K-Means; matematika; silhouette coefficient; sistem in-formasi; statistika
Abstract:Abstract: Understanding students’ emotional conditions is important for evaluating engagement and learning atmosphere in classroom environments. However, conventional evaluation methods are often subjective and difficult…
lt to apply in real time. Therefore, this study proposes a real-time multi-face emotion detection system designed for classroom learning environments. The system integrates a CNN-based Tiny Face Detector for multi-scale face localization with a convolutional neural network to classify seven facial emotions: angry, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise, and neutral. Experimental evaluation was conducted using classroom video data under varying lighting conditions, face orientations, partial occlusions, and different numbers of detected faces per frame. The proposed system achieves stable real-time performance with processing speeds ranging from 10–20 FPS, depending on face density. The results show higher recognition performance for expressive emotions, while subtle emotions remain more challenging. Overall classification accuracy reaches above 80% when emotion predictions are aggregated across multiple faces and time windows. These results indicate that the proposed system is suitable for objective analysis of emotional dynamics in classroom environments and supports the deployment of lightweight emotion-aware monitoring systems for educational applications.
Keywords: classroom monitoring; convolutional neural network; facial emotion recognition; multi-face detection; tiny face detector.
Abstrak: Pemahaman terhadap kondisi emosional mahasiswa penting untuk mengevaluasi keterlibatan dan suasana pembelajaran di kelas. Namun, metode evaluasi konvensional umumnya bersifat subjektif dan sulit diterapkan secara real-time. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengusulkan sistem deteksi emosi multi-wajah secara real-time yang dirancang untuk lingkungan pembelajaran di kelas. Sistem mengintegrasikan Tiny Face Detector berbasis CNN untuk pelokalan wajah multi-skala dengan jaringan saraf konvolusional untuk mengklasifikasikan tujuh emosi wajah, yaitu marah, jijik, takut, senang, sedih, terkejut, dan netral. Evaluasi eksperimen dilakukan menggunakan data video kelas dengan variasi kondisi pencahayaan, orientasi wajah, oklusi parsial, serta jumlah wajah yang berbeda dalam satu frame. Sistem menunjukkan kinerja real-time yang stabil dengan kecepatan pemrosesan antara 10–20 FPS, bergantung pada kepadatan wajah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan kinerja yang lebih baik pada emosi ekspresif, sementara emosi dengan ciri halus lebih menantang untuk dikenali. Akurasi klasifikasi keseluruhan mencapai di atas 80% ketika hasil emosi diagregasi berdasarkan banyak wajah dan interval waktu. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang diusulkan berpotensi digunakan untuk analisis objektif dinamika emosi di kelas serta mendukung pemantauan lingkungan pembelajaran berbasis kecerdasan buatan.
Kata kunci: pengenalan emosi wajah; deteksi multi-wajah; Tiny Face Detector; jaringan saraf konvolusional; pemantauan kelas.
Abstract:Abstract: The rapid expansion of digital learning environments has increased students’ reliance on Learning Management Systems (LMS), including SPOT UPI. However, limited studies have examined the platform’s overall user…
user experience across all User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) dimensions. This study aims to evaluate the user experience (UX) of SPOT UPI, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and provide recommendations for system improvement. A quantitative-dominant mixed-method design was applied, involving 81 student respondents for the UEQ survey and two participants for follow-up semi-structured interviews selected through purposive sampling. The UEQ data were analyzed to generate mean scores for six UX dimensions, while interview data were thematically analyzed to support the interpretation of quantitative findings. The results indicate that Perspicuity (1.05) and Efficiency (0.78) achieved the highest scores, reflecting adequate clarity and functionality. In Contrast, Stimulation (0.50) and Novelty (-0.15) were the lowest, indicating limited engagement and innovation. Overall, pragmatic quality (0.84) outperformed hedonic quality (0.17), suggesting that users value functionality more than enjoyment. In conclusion, SPOT UPI is generally usable but lacks aesthetic appeal, emotional engagement, and innovative features, highlighting the need for interface redesign and performance optimization to enhance the overall learning experience.
Keywords: learning management system; user experience; user experience questionnaire
Abstrak: Perkembangan pembelajaran digital membuat mahasiswa semakin bergantung pada Learning Management System (LMS), termasuk SPOT UPI. Meski digunakan secara luas, evaluasi pengalaman pengguna secara komprehensif berdasarkan seluruh dimensi User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) masih belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi user experience (UX) pada SPOT UPI, mengidentifikasi keunggulan dan kelemahannya, serta memberikan rekomendasi perbaikan sistem. Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian mixed-method dominan kuantitatif, melibatkan 81 responden pada survei UEQ dan dua partisipan pada wawancara semi-terstruktur yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Data UEQ dianalisis untuk memperoleh nilai rata-rata pada enam dimensi UX, sedangkan data wawancara dianalisis secara tematik untuk memperkaya interpretasi temuan kuantitatif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Perspicuity (1,05) dan Efficiency (0,78) menjadi dimensi dengan skor tertinggi, mencerminkan bahwa SPOT UPI mudah dipahami dan cukup membantu dalam menyelesaikan tugas. Sebaliknya, Stimulation (0,50) dan Novelty (-0,15) memperoleh skor terendah, menandakan rendahnya tingkat keterlibatan dan inovasi yang dirasakan pengguna. Secara keseluruhan, pragmatic quality (0,84) lebih tinggi dibandingkan hedonic quality (0,17), menunjukkan bahwa pengguna lebih mengutamakan aspek fungsional daripada kenyamanan emosional. Temuan tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa SPOT UPI sudah layak digunakan secara fungsional, tetapi masih memerlukan peningkatan pada interface, pengalaman visual, dan fitur inovatif agar dapat memberikan pengalaman belajar digital yang lebih menarik dan optimal.
Kata kunci: learning management system; pengalaman pengguna; user experience questionnaire
Abstract:This study analyzes the acceptance of teachers and ASN employees of the SINAGA (Sistem Informasi Layanan Kepegawaian) attendance application at SMA Negeri 1 Jatilawang using a modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).…
The model was extended by incorporating two external variables: Information Quality and Complexity. This explanatory quantitative research employed the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method involving 60 respondents who are civil servants, consisting of teachers and administrative staff. The results reveal that Information Quality has a positive and significant influence on both Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), while Complexity does not show a significant effect on either variable. Furthermore, PEOU and PU have a positive impact on Attitude Toward Use (ATU), which subsequently affects Behavioral Intention to Use (BIU). Behavioral intention, in turn, strongly influences Actual Use (AU). These findings indicate that teachers’ acceptance of the SINAGA digital attendance system in educational settings is primarily driven by information quality and users’ positive attitudes rather than by system complexity. Theoretically, this study contributes to the expansion of TAM application in the educational context. Practically, it provides valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of SINAGA implementation through better information quality and enhanced user experience.
Abstract:Abstract: The development of digital learning systems requires not only effective content delivery but also database consistency and performance, particularly when used at scale by lecturers and students. Weaknesses in database…
atabase design can lead to data duplication, relational violations, and transaction failures that compromise system reliability. This study designed the Royal Mengajar application using PHP and MySQL, supported by JavaScript, HTML, and Bootstrap 5. The Crowdsourced Academic Content model enables lecturers to contribute learning materials openly, while students evaluate them through a user rating system. The objective of this research is to design and optimize the database architecture of the Royal Mengajar application by implementing multiple control mechanisms—namely views, triggers, transactions, and constraints—to enhance data efficiency, consistency, and integrity in digital learning environments. Database optimization focuses on the use of views to improve query efficiency, triggers to maintain automatic consistency, transactions to ensure atomicity in multi-table operations, and constraints to preserve data integrity. The results show that views reduced the average query execution time to 0.12 seconds, triggers maintained consistency without manual intervention, and constraints achieved 100% referential integrity. The application of these mechanisms significantly improved system speed, reduced data redundancy, and enhanced information reliability, thus reinforcing the sustainability of Royal Mengajar as a community-driven learning platform
Keywords: crowdsourced academic content; constraint; database optimization; trigger.
Abstrak: Pengembangan sistem pembelajaran digital tidak hanya menuntut penyajian materi, tetapi juga konsistensi serta kinerja basis data ketika sistem digunakan secara masif oleh dosen dan mahasiswa. Kelemahan rancangan database dapat menimbulkan duplikasi data, pelanggaran relasi, dan kegagalan transaksi yang memengaruhi keandalan sistem. Penelitian ini merancang aplikasi Royal Mengajar berbasis PHP dan MySQL dengan dukungan JavaScript, HTML, dan Bootstrap 5. Model Crowdsourced Academic Content memungkinkan dosen berkontribusi secara terbuka, sedangkan mahasiswa melakukan evaluasi melalui user rating system. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang dan mengoptimalkan basis data aplikasi Royal Mengajar melalui penerapan berbagai mekanisme pengendali, seperti view, trigger, transaction, dan constraint, guna meningkatkan efisiensi, konsistensi, dan integritas data dalam sistem pembelajaran digital. Optimalisasi database difokuskan pada penerapan view untuk efisiensi query, trigger untuk menjaga konsistensi otomatis, transaction untuk memastikan atomicity pada operasi multi-tabel, serta constraint guna menjamin integritas data. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan view menurunkan rata-rata waktu eksekusi query menjadi 0,12 detik, trigger menjaga konsistensi tanpa intervensi manual, dan constraint memastikan integritas referensial tercapai 100%. Penerapan mekanisme ini berdampak pada peningkatan kecepatan sistem, berkurangnya redundansi, serta keandalan informasi yang lebih tinggi, sehingga mendukung keberlanjutan Royal Mengajar sebagai platform pembelajaran berbasis kontribusi komunitas.
Kata kunci: basis data; optimasi; trigger; constraint; crowdsourced academic content.
Abstract:Abstract: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in various parts of the world, including in Indonesia. Along with the development of digital technology, the use of Machine Learning in the health sector…
tor is growing, one of which is in an effort to predict the occurrence of stroke. This study aims to implement the Logistic Regression algorithm in predicting the likelihood of a person having a stroke based on data from the Brain Stroke dataset. The research process includes data preprocessing (missing value handling, normalization, and label encoding), dividing the data into 80% training data and 20% test data, as well as model training. The model was then evaluated using several measures such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC, as well as a confusion matrix. The results of the study showed that Logistic Regression was able to provide stroke classification results with an accuracy of 82.4%, precision of 80.1%, recall of 78.6%, F1-score of 79.3%, and a ROC-AUC value of 0.87. Then, the model is integrated into applications that use Streamlit, so it can be used interactively to predict stroke risk in new data. The results of this study show that the combination of Machine Learning and web-based applications has the potential to support efforts to detect early stroke risk.
Keywords: logistic regression; machine learning; prediction; streamlit; stroke.
Abstrak: Stroke adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Seiring perkembangan teknologi digital, penggunaan Machine Learning dalam bidang kesehatan semakin berkembang, salah satunya dalam upaya memprediksi terjadinya penyakit stroke. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengimplementasikan algoritma Logistic Regression dalam memprediksi kemungkinan seseorang mengalami stroke berdasarkan data dari dataset Brain Stroke. Proses penelitian meliputi preprocessing data (penanganan missing value, normalisasi, dan label encoding), membagi data menjadi 80% data latih dan 20% data uji, serta pelatihan model. Model kemudian dievaluasi menggunakan beberapa ukuran seperti akurasi, precision, recall, F1-score, dan ROC-AUC, serta confusion matrix. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Logistic Regression mampu memberikan hasil klasifikasi penyakit stroke dengan akurasi sebesar 82,4%, precision 80,1%, recall 78,6%, F1-score 79,3%, dan nilai ROC-AUC sebesar 0,87. Kemudian, model tersebut diintegrasikan ke dalam aplikasi yang menggunakan Streamlit, sehingga dapat digunakan secara interaktif untuk memprediksi risiko stroke pada data baru. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi Machine Learning dan aplikasi berbasis web berpotensi mendukung upaya deteksi dini risiko stroke.
Kata kunci: logistic regression; machine learning; prediksi; streamlit; stroke.
Abstract:Abstract: Higher education plays an essential role in improving human resource quality, one of which is through the institution’s ability to monitor and predict student graduation outcomes. This study does not focus on a…
a specific university but utilizes the publicly available Students Performance in Exams dataset from Kaggle, consisting of 1,000 student records containing mathematics, reading, and writing scores, along with demographic attributes such as gender, parental education level, lunch type, and test preparation participation. The data were processed through a feature engineering stage by adding an average score variable as an early indicator of graduation status. A predictive model was developed using the Random Forest Classifier, achieving an accuracy of 94.5%. The final model was integrated into a Streamlit-based web application to provide an accessible tool for academic stakeholders. The results indicate that the proposed model can serve as an effective decision-support tool for early evaluation of students’ likelihood of graduation.
Keywords: prediction; random forest classifier, streamlit, student graduation.
Abstrak: Pendidikan tinggi memegang peran penting dalam peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia, salah satunya melalui kemampuan institusi dalam memantau dan memprediksi tingkat kelulusan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini tidak berfokus pada perguruan tinggi tertentu, melainkan menggunakan dataset publik Students Performance in Exams dari Kaggle yang berisi 1.000 data mahasiswa, terdiri atas nilai matematika, membaca, menulis, serta atribut demografis seperti gender, tingkat pendidikan orang tua, jenis makan siang, dan partisipasi kursus persiapan. Data diolah melalui tahap feature engineering dengan menambahkan variabel average score sebagai indikator awal kelulusan. Model prediksi dibangun menggunakan algoritma Random Forest Classifier, yang menghasilkan tingkat akurasi sebesar 94,5%. Model ini kemudian diimplementasikan ke dalam aplikasi web berbasis Streamlit untuk memberikan layanan prediksi yang mudah diakses oleh pihak akademik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model mampu digunakan sebagai alat pendukung keputusan untuk melakukan evaluasi dini terhadap potensi kelulusan mahasiswa.
Kata kunci: kelulusan mahasiswa; prediksi; random forest classifier; streamlit.
Abstract:Abstract: The rice plant, Oryza sativa, is a major food source in Indonesia. This plant is processed into rice, a staple food for the Indonesian people. Rice growth is crucial to ensure the rice produced is of good quality.…
ty. One part of the rice plant that is susceptible to disease is the leaves, which can inhibit growth and reduce rice quality. Therefore, early detection and accurate classification of rice diseases are crucial to minimize these negative impacts. This has driven the development of a Deep Learning model capable of high-performance automatic classification. This study aims to create a rice leaf classification model using the CNN algorithm and several transfer learning architectures such as ResNet101, VGG16, and Xception. A dataset of 859 rice leaf images collected from the Kaggle website was then processed using augmentation techniques to a total of 2,439 images, plus 215 smartphone photos for external data validation. Thus, the total dataset increased to 2,656 images, covering four categories: leafblast, brownspot, healthy, and hispa. The model was processed in two stages: on the initial dataset (Non-Augmented Dataset) and the Augmented Dataset. The best experimental results were obtained using the ResNet architecture, with a training accuracy of 96.17% and a validation accuracy of 95.22%. Based on the research results, the rice plant disease classification model using deep learning demonstrated good performance.
Keywords: convolutional neural network; deep learning; fine-tuning; image classification; resnet; rice plant