Abstract:Abstract: Query performance is a critical factor in managing large-scale databases. One of the most widely used optimization techniques is indexing. This study aims to analyze the impact of indexing on query performance…
in PostgreSQL, compare the effectiveness of B-Tree and Hash indexes, and evaluate their influence on query planner decisions. A quantitative experimental approach was employed using the TPC-H benchmark dataset at scale factors SF0.1, SF1, and SF10. Experiments were conducted using EXPLAIN ANALYZE on exact match, range, and join queries under three conditions: without indexing, with B-Tree indexing, and with Hash indexing. The results demonstrate that indexing significantly improves query performance. For exact match queries on the SF10 dataset, execution time decreased from 93.36 ms without indexing to 0.034 ms using B-Tree and 0.045 ms using Hash indexes. For join queries, execution time was reduced from 857.77 ms to 0.180 ms using B-Tree and 0.079 ms using Hash indexes. B-Tree showed consistent performance across different query types, while Hash achieved the best results for equality-based queries. Furthermore, index usage influenced query planner decisions in selecting more efficient execution strategies. These findings indicate that appropriate index selection can substantially improve data access efficiency in PostgreSQL.
Keywords: b-tree index; hash index; PostgreSQL; query optimization; query planner
Abstrak: Performa query merupakan faktor penting dalam pengelolaan basis data berskala besar. Salah satu teknik optimasi yang umum digunakan adalah indexing. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan indexing terhadap performa query pada PostgreSQL, membandingkan efektivitas B-Tree dan Hash index, serta mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap keputusan query planner. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen kuantitatif dengan dataset benchmark TPC-H pada skala SF0.1, SF1, dan SF10. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan EXPLAIN ANALYZE pada exact match query, range query, dan join query dalam kondisi tanpa index, menggunakan B-Tree index, dan Hash index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indexing meningkatkan performa query secara signifikan. Pada exact match query dataset SF10, execution time menurun dari 93,36 ms tanpa index menjadi 0,034 ms menggunakan B-Tree dan 0,045 ms menggunakan Hash index. Pada join query, execution time berkurang dari 857,77 ms menjadi 0,180 ms menggunakan B-Tree dan 0,079 ms menggunakan Hash index. B-Tree menunjukkan performa yang konsisten pada berbagai jenis query, sedangkan Hash index memberikan performa terbaik pada query berbasis equality. Selain itu, penggunaan index memengaruhi keputusan query planner dalam memilih strategi eksekusi yang lebih efisien. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan metode indexing yang tepat dapat meningkatkan efisiensi akses data pada PostgreSQL
Kata kunci: b-tree index; hash index; optimasi query; PostgreSQL; query planner
Abstract:Abstract: Existing IoT anomaly detection studies have achieved high classification performance, but most focus on accuracy and F1-score without explicitly controlling the false positive rate (FPR). In addition, many approaches…
oaches rely on a single detection perspective, limiting their operational reliability. To address this gap, this study proposes a hybrid anomaly detection framework integrating Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Shannon entropy, and autoencoder reconstruction error. Shannon entropy is incorporated as an additional feature, while LSTM and the autoencoder capture temporal and reconstruction characteristics. The resulting hybrid representation is processed by a constraint-based threshold selection mechanism that enforces FPR . Experiments on the TON-IoT and Edge-IIoTset datasets achieved average F1-scores of 0.9250 and 0.9934, while maintaining average FPR values of 0.0091 and 0.0714, respectively. Analysis of entropy distributions showed consistent differences between normal and anomalous traffic across both datasets, indicating that Shannon entropy provides discriminative information for anomaly detection. These results demonstrate strong detection performance with controlled false alarms, while ablation studies confirm the significant contribution of Shannon entropy to overall model performance.
Keywords: false positive rate; hybrid deep learning; Internet of Things; network anomaly detection; Shannon entropy
Abstrak: Penelitian deteksi anomali Internet of Things (IoT) telah menunjukkan performa klasifikasi yang tinggi, namun sebagian besar masih berfokus pada accuracy dan F1-score tanpa mengendalikan false positive rate (FPR) secara eksplisit. Selain itu, banyak pendekatan hanya memanfaatkan satu perspektif deteksi sehingga reliabilitas operasionalnya masih terbatas. Untuk mengatasi kesenjangan tersebut, penelitian ini mengusulkan kerangka deteksi anomali hybrid yang mengintegrasikan Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Shannon entropy, dan autoencoder reconstruction error. Shannon entropy digunakan sebagai fitur tambahan, sedangkan LSTM dan autoencoder menangkap karakteristik temporal dan deviasi rekonstruksi. Representasi hybrid yang dihasilkan kemudian diproses melalui mekanisme constraint-based threshold selection dengan batas FPR . Hasil pengujian pada dataset TON-IoT dan Edge-IIoTset menghasilkan F1-score rata-rata sebesar 0,9250 dan 0,9934, dengan FPR rata-rata sebesar 0,0091 dan 0,0714. Perbedaan nilai entropy yang konsisten antara trafik normal dan anomali pada kedua dataset menunjukkan bahwa Shannon entropy menyediakan informasi diskriminatif untuk deteksi anomali. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan performa deteksi yang kuat dengan false alarm yang terkendali, sementara studi ablasi mengonfirmasi kontribusi signifikan Shannon entropy terhadap performa model.
Kata kunci: deteksi anomali jaringan; false positive rate; hybrid deep learning; Internet of Things; Shannon entropy
Abstract:Abstract: Manual meeting documentation risks losing important information due to cognitive fatigue. Although automated summarization models have evolved, integrated end-to-end systems for Indonesian spoken language remain…
n highly limited. This study aims to design and evaluate an end-to-end automated meeting summarization architecture that directly integrates Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) via OpenAI Whisper for transcription and the IndoT5 language model for abstractive summarization. IndoT5 was fine-tuned using a dataset of 486 Indonesian spoken language transcript pairs. Testing was conducted on a CPU infrastructure using MP4, MP3, and WAV formats. Results show the optimal fine-tuning configuration significantly improved accuracy, achieving ROUGE-1 (0.4167), ROUGE-2 (0.1973), and ROUGE-L (0.2701) scores. Computationally, the system achieved a Real-Time Factor below 1, processing data faster than the actual recording duration. Conclusively, integrating Whisper and IndoT5 shows potential in producing coherent meeting summaries with lightweight computational overhead, making it viable for local infrastructure implementation to ensure data privacy.
Keywords: abstractive summarization; ASR; end-to-end pipeline; IndoT5; real-time factor
Abstrak: Dokumentasi rapat manual rentan menghilangkan informasi penting akibat keterbatasan kognitif. Meskipun model peringkas otomatis telah berkembang, implementasi sistem terintegrasi (end-to-end) khusus percakapan lisan berbahasa Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang dan mengevaluasi arsitektur peringkas rapat otomatis end-to-end yang mengintegrasikan langsung Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) melalui OpenAI Whisper untuk transkripsi dan model bahasa IndoT5 untuk peringkasan abstraktif. Adaptasi domain dilakukan melalui fine-tuning IndoT5 menggunakan 486 pasang dataset transkrip lisan berbahasa Indonesia. Pengujian pada infrastruktur CPU menggunakan format MP4, MP3, dan WAV. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan konfigurasi fine-tuning optimal berhasil meningkatkan akurasi, dengan skor ROUGE-1 (0,4167), ROUGE-2 (0,1973), dan ROUGE-L (0,2701). Sistem mendemonstrasikan efisiensi komputasi dengan nilai Real-Time Factor di bawah 1, mengindikasikan waktu pemrosesan lebih cepat dari durasi rekaman asli. Kesimpulannya, integrasi Whisper dan IndoT5 menunjukkan potensi dalam menghasilkan ringkasan yang koheren dengan beban komputasi ringan, sehingga layak diimplementasikan pada infrastruktur lokal organisasi untuk menjaga privasi data.
Kata kunci: ASR; end-to-end pipeline; IndoT5; peringkasan abstraktif; real-time factor
Abstract:Abstract: The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education provides significant opportunities for supporting the development of English teaching materials in elementary schools. However, the wide variety of available…
vailable AI tools makes it difficult for teachers to select the most appropriate tools for their instructional needs. This study aims to analyze and generate recommendations for AI utilization using a Decision Support System (DSS) based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) methods. The AHP method is used to determine the weight of criteria based on their importance, while the SAW method is applied to rank alternative AI tools. This study involves teachers at SDN 15 Padang Genting in identifying criteria and evaluating alternatives. The results show that the proposed DSS model is capable of generating appropriate AI tool recommendations based on predefined criteria. This approach contributes to more objective and systematic decision-making in utilizing AI for developing English teaching materials in elementary education.
Keywords: analytical hierarchy proces; artificial intelligence; decision support system; simple additive weighting; teaching materials
Abstrak: Perkembangan Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam pendidikan memberikan peluang dalam penyusunan bahan ajar Bahasa Inggris di sekolah dasar. Namun, banyaknya pilihan tools AI menyebabkan guru mengalami kesulitan dalam menentukan tools yang paling sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menghasilkan rekomendasi pemanfaatan AI menggunakan Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) berbasis metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Metode AHP digunakan untuk menentukan bobot kriteria berdasarkan tingkat kepentingannya, sedangkan metode SAW digunakan untuk melakukan perangkingan alternatif tools AI. Penelitian ini melibatkan guru di SDN 15 Padang Genting dalam proses identifikasi kriteria dan penilaian alternatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model SPK mampu menghasilkan rekomendasi tools AI yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Pendekatan ini memberikan kontribusi dalam mendukung pengambilan keputusan yang lebih objektif dan sistematis dalam pemanfaatan AI untuk penyusunan bahan ajar Bahasa Inggris di sekolah dasar.
Kata kunci: analisis proses hierarki; bahan ajar; kecerdasan buatan; sistem pendukung keputusan; simple additive weighting.
Abstract:Abstract: Mental health issues, particularly depression among young adult university students, are often detected late due to stigma and reluctance to seek medical consultation. The objective of this study is to develop…
an early screening model employing machine learning techniques, specifically the random forest algorithm, on a dataset of 268 students (aged 17-29 years; consisting of 98 males and 170 females) within a multicultural educational setting. The principal challenges associated with this dataset are class imbalance and the potential for data leakage from clinical scores. This study implements a rigorous feature selection approach that involves the elimination of depression score features and the utilization of the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) to balance the training data distribution. Furthermore, a Threshold Tuning strategy is employed to prioritize detection sensitivity (Recall). The findings indicate that reducing the decision threshold to an optimal value of 0.25 led to a substantial enhancement in the recall value, increasing it from 36% (baseline) to 77%. A feature importance analysis was conducted, the results of which indicated that Total Social Connectedness (ToSC) is the most dominant predictor. In summary, the present study corroborates the notion that optimizing sensitivity through threshold tuning is of paramount importance for medical screening. Furthermore, social isolation factors emerge as more significant indicators of depression risk than demographic attributes.
Keywords: data mining; depression; imbalanced data; random forest; smote; threshold tuning
Abstrak: Masalah kesehatan mental, khususnya depresi di kalangan mahasiswa dewasa muda, sering terdeteksi terlambat akibat stigma dan enggan mencari konsultasi medis. Tujuan studi ini adalah mengembangkan model skrining dini menggunakan teknik machine learning, khususnya algoritma random forest, pada dataset 268 mahasiswa (usia 17-29 tahun; terdiri dari 98 laki-laki dan 170 perempuan) dalam lingkungan pendidikan multikultural. Tantangan utama yang terkait dengan dataset ini adalah ketidakseimbangan kelas dan potensi kebocoran data dari skor klinis. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan seleksi fitur yang ketat, yang melibatkan eliminasi fitur skor depresi dan penggunaan Teknik Over-sampling Minoritas Sintetis (SMOTE) untuk menyeimbangkan distribusi data pelatihan. Selain itu, strategi Penyesuaian Ambang Batas diterapkan untuk memprioritaskan sensitivitas deteksi (Recall). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mengurangi ambang batas keputusan ke nilai optimal 0,25 menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan dalam nilai recall, dari 36% (dasar) menjadi 77%. Analisis pentingnya fitur dilakukan, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Total Social Connectedness (ToSC) adalah prediktor yang paling dominan. Secara ringkas, studi ini membenarkan bahwa mengoptimalkan sensitivitas melalui penyesuaian ambang batas sangat penting untuk skrining medis. Selain itu, faktor isolasi sosial muncul sebagai indikator risiko depresi yang lebih signifikan daripada atribut demografis.
Kata kunci: penambangan data; depresi; data tidak seimbang; hutan acak; smote; penyesuaian ambang batas
Abstract:Abstract: Distributors in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector, such as CV. Sahabat Jaya Sukses, face significant challenges in inventory control, particularly related to product expiration and stock discrepancies…
s caused by manual recording. This study aims to design and implement a web-based Supply Chain Management (SCM) system that integrates the flow of goods from suppliers to retailers by applying the First Expired First Out (FEFO) method to minimize financial losses due to expired products. The research methodology employs the Waterfall model, which is selected because of its structured and systematic development stages and its suitability for systems with clear and stable requirements, facilitating effective analysis, design, implementation, and testing processes. The research stages include requirements analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The results show that the SCM system successfully integrates data across the entire supply chain, automates inventory recording, and effectively prioritizes product distribution based on the nearest expiration dates. Black Box testing confirms that all system functionalities, including FEFO logic, operate properly, thereby improving operational efficiency and data accuracy.
Keywords: supply chain management; FEFO; web-based system; distributor; inventory
controls
Abstrak: Distributor di sektor Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) seperti CV. Sahabat Jaya Sukses menghadapi tantangan dalam pengendalian persediaan, khususnya terkait produk kedaluwarsa dan selisih stok akibat pencatatan manual. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang dan mengimplementasikan sistem Supply Chain Management (SCM) berbasis web yang mengintegrasikan aliran barang dari pemasok hingga pengecer dengan menerapkan metode First Expired First Out (FEFO) untuk meminimalkan kerugian akibat produk kedaluwarsa. Metodologi penelitian menggunakan model Waterfall yang dipilih karena memiliki tahapan pengembangan yang terstruktur, sistematis, dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan sistem yang jelas serta stabil, sehingga memudahkan proses perancangan, implementasi, dan pengujian. Tahapan penelitian meliputi analisis kebutuhan, desain sistem, implementasi, dan pengujian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem SCM berhasil mengintegrasikan data di seluruh rantai pasok, mengotomatisasi pencatatan stok, serta memprioritaskan distribusi barang berdasarkan tanggal kedaluwarsa terdekat. Pengujian Black Box membuktikan bahwa seluruh fungsi sistem, termasuk logika FEFO, berjalan dengan baik sehingga meningkatkan efisiensi operasional dan akurasi data.
Kata kunci: distributor; FEFO; manajemen rantai pasok; pengendalian stok; sistem berbasis web
Abstract:Abstract: The rapid development of digital technology has brought significant changes in consumption patterns and customer behavior, particularly in the fashion retail sector. Increasing competition and rising cynsumer expectations…
xpectations for fast, accurate, and technology-based services require businesses to innovate and undergo digital transformation. One widely used approach is the implementation of automation-based Electronic Customer Relationship Management (E-CRM). This study aims to analyze the implementation of E-CRM automation and its impact on service efficiency at Toko Diah Fashion, a fashion retail business that still faces service challenges due to manual systems, such as customer data duplication, delayed responses, and difficulty in monitoring transaction history. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research focus is limited to aspects of service efficiency, including service speed, accuracy in managing customer data, and ease in customer follow-up. The E-CRM automation system studied is designed using PHP programming language and a MySQL database. The research results indicate that the implementation of E-CRM automation can significantly improve service efficiency. This system facilitates integrated customer data management, speeds up the service process, and supports more personalized communication through notification features and transaction history recording.
Keyword: automation; e-crm; fashion retail; service efficiency.
Abstrak: Perkembangan teknologi digital yang semakin pesat telah membawa perubahan signifikan dalam pola konsumsi dan perilaku pelanggan, khususnya dalam sektor ritel fashion. Persaingan yang semakin ketat serta meningkatnya ekspektasi konsumen terhadap layanan yang cepat, akurat dan berbasis teknologi menuntut pelaku usaha untuk melakukan inovasi dan transformasi digital. Salah satu pendekatan yang banyak digunakan adalah penerapan Electronic Customer Relationship Management (E-CRM) berbasis automasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan automasi E-CRM serta pengaruhnya terhadap efisiensi pelayanan pada Toko Diah Fashion, sebuah usaha ritel fashion yang masih menghadapi kendala pelayanan akibat sistem manual, seperti duplikasi data pelanggan, keterlambatan respons, dan kesulitan dalam pemantauan histori transaksi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Fokus penelitian dibatasi pada aspek efisiensi pelayanan, meliputi kecepatan pelayanan, ketepatan pengelolaan data pelanggan, serta kemudahan dalam tindak lanjut pelanggan. Sistem automasi E-CRM yang dikaji dirancang menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan basis data MySQL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan automasi E-CRM mampu meningkatkan efisiensi pelayanan secara signifikan. Sistem ini mempermudah pengelolaan data pelanggan secara terintegrasi, mempercepat proses pelayanan, serta mendukung komunikasi yang lebih personal melalui fitur notifikasi dan pencatatan histori transaksi.
Kata kunci: automasi; e-crm; efisiensi pelayanan; ritel fashion.
Abstract:This study aims to apply the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method as a decision support tool in determining the eligibility of education grant recipients in North Sumatra Province. The background of this research arises…
from the large number of grant applicants compared to the available budget, as well as the absence of clear and objective evaluation standards. The ANP method was chosen because it allows the interdependence between assessment criteria such as institutional feasibility, performance and achievement, social and educational impact, and accountability and transparency to be analyzed comprehensively. Data were obtained through interviews, documentation, and observation at the North Sumatra Provincial Education Office. The results of the ANP model show that the criterion with the highest weight is accountability and transparency (0.44), followed by social and educational impact (0.31). Among the three alternatives, community-based education foundations (A2) obtained the highest total weight (0.30), indicating that they are the most eligible recipients of education grants. The implementation of the ANP-based decision support system produces valid and consistent ranking results (CR < 0.1), enabling faster, fairer, and more transparent decision-making. Therefore, the ANP method contributes significantly to improving governance, objectivity, and accountability in the distribution of education grants in North Sumatra Province.
Abstract:Abstract: The implementation of dress code regulations in university environments is generally still carried out conventionally, requiring significant time and effort and potentially leading to subjective assessments. This…
is study develops an automatic student dress code compliance detection system using computer vision based on the YOLOv8 model. The dataset consists of 1,800 annotated images divided into eight clothing categories, split into 78% training (1,404 images), 14% validation (254 images), and 8% testing (143 images). All images underwent preprocessing and data augmentation before training the YOLOv8 model with an input size of 640×640 pixels for 50 epochs. During testing, the YOLOv8 model achieved an overall performance of Precision 0.844, Recall 0.773, F1-Score 0.802, and mAP@0.5 0.841, and was able to detect clothing objects with good accuracy and stable performance under various image conditions. The system was integrated with a Flask-based backend and a web-based frontend to enable real time detection and compliance classification, with a response time of less than 2 seconds, supporting automatic and consistent identification of student dress code compliance as “Compliant” or “Violation.”
Keywords: compliance detection; computer vision; dress code regulations; real time detection; YOLOv8.
Abstrak: Penerapan aturan berpakaian di lingkungan kampus umumnya masih dilakukan secara konvensional sehingga membutuhkan waktu dan tenaga yang relatif besar serta berpotensi menimbulkan subjektivitas penilaian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan sistem pendeteksi kepatuhan berpakaian mahasiswa secara otomatis berbasis visi komputer menggunakan model YOLOv8. Dataset yang digunakan terdiri dari 1.800 citra beranotasi yang terbagi ke dalam 8 kategori pakaian, dengan pembagian data sebesar 78% data latih (1.404 citra), 14% data validasi (254 citra) dan 8% data uji (143 citra). Seluruh citra diproses melalui tahapan pre-processing dan data augmentation, kemudian digunakan untuk melatih model YOLOv8 dengan ukuran input 640×640 piksel selama 50 epoch. Pada tahap pengujian, model mencapai performa keseluruhan dengan Precision 0.844, Recall 0.773, F1-Score 0.802, dan mAP@0.5 0.841, serta mampu mendeteksi objek pakaian dengan akurasi baik dan performa stabil pada berbagai kondisi citra. Sistem kemudian diintegrasikan dengan backend berbasis Flask dan frontend web untuk mendukung proses deteksi waktu nyata dan klasifikasi kepatuhan, dengan waktu respons sistem kurang dari 2 detik, sehingga mampu mengidentifikasi status kepatuhan berpakaian mahasiswa ke dalam kategori “Aman” dan “Melanggar Aturan” secara otomatis dan konsisten.
Kata kunci: aturan berpakaian; deteksi waktu nyata; pendeteksi kepatuhan; visi komputer; YOLOv8.
Abstract:Abstract: Obesity is an escalating global health concern, with unhealthy lifestyle patterns contributing significantly to its development. This study aims to evaluate and compare three clustering techniques for categorizing…
ing lifestyle patterns and obesity-related factors: K-Means, Agglomerative Clustering, and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The data used in this study is sourced from the Food Nutrition dataset, which includes variables such as dietary habits, physical activity, and socio-economic status. The three clustering methods were assessed using evaluation metrics such as Silhouette Score, Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI), and Calinski-Harabasz Index (CHI). The findings revealed that K-Means exhibited the best performance in terms of cluster separation with a Silhouette Score of 0.5559, while GMM showed better flexibility in handling more complex data. Although Agglomerative Clustering produced acceptable results, it had a higher overlap between clusters compared to the other methods. This study offers valuable insights into selecting the most appropriate clustering technique based on the data characteristics.
Keywords: agglomerative; clustering; GMM; k-means; lifestyle patterns; obesity
Abstrak: Obesitas menjadi masalah kesehatan yang semakin meningkat di seluruh dunia, dengan pola hidup yang tidak sehat berperan besar dalam perkembangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan tiga metode clustering dalam mengelompokkan pola gaya hidup dan faktor yang memengaruhi obesitas, yaitu K-Means, Agglomerative Clustering, dan Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). Data yang digunakan diperoleh dari dataset Food Nutrition yang mencakup informasi terkait pola makan, aktivitas fisik, serta faktor sosial-ekonomi. Ketiga metode tersebut diuji dengan menggunakan beberapa metrik evaluasi, seperti Silhouette Score, Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI), dan Calinski-Harabasz Index (CHI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa K-Means memiliki kinerja terbaik dalam hal pemisahan klaster, dengan nilai Silhouette Score sebesar 0.5559, sementara GMM lebih fleksibel dalam menangani data yang lebih kompleks. Meskipun Agglomerative Clustering memberikan hasil yang dapat diterima, tumpang tindih antar klaster lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kedua metode lainnya. Penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai pemilihan metode clustering yang tepat berdasarkan karakteristik data yang digunakan.
Kata kunci: agglomerative; clustering; GMM; k-means; obesitas; pola gaya hidup