Abstract:Karstification is the dominant geological process controlling groundwater circulation and permeability in carbonate aquifers. Through the dissolution of carbonate rocks, karst processes create highly heterogeneous systems…
s characterized by fractures, conduits, and interconnected channel networks that significantly influence groundwater flow dynamics. This literature review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of karst on water circulation and permeability in carbonate aquifers based on hydrogeological, hydrochemical, geophysical, and numerical modeling studies from various regions worldwide. The review shows that karstification substantially enhances hydraulic conductivity and produces complex flow regimes ranging from diffuse fracture flow to turbulent conduit flow. The epikarst zone plays an important role in regulating infiltration and recharge distribution, while tectonic structures such as faults and fractures strongly control groundwater pathways and aquifer compartmentalization. Karst aquifers also exhibit strong spatial variability in permeability, making groundwater flow and contaminant transport difficult to predict using conventional hydrogeological approaches. In addition, the integration of equivalent porous medium (EPM), discrete fracture network (DFN), and conduit network (CN) models is essential for accurately representing karst aquifer behavior. Understanding the influence of karstification on groundwater circulation is therefore crucial for sustainable groundwater management and aquifer vulnerability assessment, particularly in regions facing increasing water demand and climate change pressures.
Abstract:This study aims to analyze the urgency and mechanisms of implementing Restorative Justice in resolving family conflicts from the perspective of Islamic Family Law. Amid the high rates of divorce and domestic violence, formal…
rmal litigation approaches often fail to repair fractured relationships among family members. This research employed a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. Data were collected through literature studies of Islamic legal texts, Indonesian statutory regulations, and related literature on Restorative Justice. The findings indicate that the concept of Restorative Justice has strong relevance to the principle of Ishlah (reconciliation) in Islamic Family Law. Unlike the retributive approach, which focuses on punishment, Restorative Justice prioritizes relationship recovery, forgiveness, and collective welfare. In practice, instruments such as mediation in Religious Courts and the role of Hakam (peace mediators) represent clear manifestations of these restorative values. The study concludes that integrating Restorative Justice into the family law system is not only effective in reducing divorce rates but also capable of preserving the psychological well-being of family members, especially children. The academic contribution of this study lies in providing a theoretical foundation for the development of positive law in Indonesia to become more accommodative toward non-litigation dispute resolution based on religious values and local wisdom. The researcher recommends strengthening technical mediation regulations so that they do not merely become procedural formalities in court.
Abstract:Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are commonly prescribed to manage asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to their local anti-inflammatory effects in the airways. However, prolonged or high-dose ICS use…
has been associated with systemic adverse effects, including decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of osteoporosis. This review aimed to examine the association between ICS use and the risk of osteoporosis or fractures, and to identify modifying factors such as dose, duration, patient age, sex, and type of corticosteroid used. Literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles were selected using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review focused on original studies published up to March 2025, resulting in 28 relevant articles, of which 6–8 high-quality studies were analyzed in depth. Most studies demonstrated that long-term or high-dose ICS use is associated with decreased BMD and increased risk of fractures, especially in elderly COPD patients. The greatest risk was linked to fluticasone and budesonide at doses ≥500 µg/day. Some studies found neutral or even protective effects in specific subgroups, indicating population-dependent variability. Meta-analyses revealed conflicting results due to heterogeneity in populations and methodologies. High-dose and long-term ICS use may increase the risk of osteoporosis. Clinicians should consider individualized risk assessments and adopt strategies such as using the lowest effective dose, monitoring BMD, and providing calcium and vitamin D supplementation in at-risk populations.
Abstract:The Naketi Rite constitutes a traditional confession practice that has been preserved and transmitted across generations within the Oemofa community and functions to sustain social harmony. Social transformation and shifting…
ting patterns of communal interaction have posed challenges to the continuity and interpretation of this ritual, thereby necessitating scholarly inquiry capable of comprehensively elucidating its significance. This study addresses the question of how the symbolic meanings, social functions, and moral values embedded in the Naketi Rite shape mechanisms of reconciliation and social integration in Oemofa society. A cultural anthropology approach was employed to interpret the ritual practice through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and a review of relevant literature. The findings indicate that Naketi serves as an institutionalized medium for acknowledging wrongdoing, restoring fractured relationships, and reinforcing collective solidarity through mutually recognized symbolic mechanisms. The ritual cultivates values of honesty, responsibility, self-awareness, and commitment to social cohesion, which contribute to the prevention of prolonged conflict. The study concludes that Naketi is not merely a ceremonial expression but an effective cultural institution that mediates social tensions and reproduces the community’s moral order. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis of the symbolic dimension and social function of the Naketi Rite as a locally grounded reconciliation model, offering relevance for contemporary cultural anthropology and discourse on tradition-based conflict resolution.
Abstract:This study discusses the design of a mobile crane to lift damaged vehicles with a capacity of 6 tons with the aim of analyzing the planning of the lifting system used ; planning the rope to be used ; transmission system…
; calculation of the components of the lifting equipment used ; calculation of power to rotate the drum ; the tool designed is a mobile crane with a capacity of 6 tons to 6 tons ; and calculating the lifting time. assembly . Type of drive motor with Combustion engine = internal combustion engine , Drive motor power = 192.36 Hp , Drive motor rotation = 2740 rpm , Max lifting capacity = ton , Lifting height = 3 m . Drum with Drum diameter = 300 mm , Drum pitch = 16 mm , Drum length = 300 mm , Maximum compressive stress of material = 1600 kg/cm 2 The maximum compressive stress that occurs = 1173.6 kg/cm 2 . Steel rope ( Rope type = 6 x 9 x 1 fc , Rope cross-sectional area = 1173.6 kg/cm 2 . = 2.9 cm 2 , Wire diameter = 1.18 mm , Diameter of steel rope = 26.3 mm , Actual fracture stress = 180/199 kg/mm 2 , Fracture loading = 39100 kg/mm 2 , U nut rope usage = 88.2 months ); Pulley ( Type of pulley = fixed pulley , pulley diameter = 4.8 cm , Width of the pulley = 2.2 cm ); Hook ( Hook type = single hook with thread , Thread type on hook = M 42. Length of threaded hook = 42 mm , Number of threads on the hook = 9 threads , Distance between threads = 4.5 mm , Outer diameter on thread = 42 mm , Effective diameter on the thread = 39 mm , Core diameter on thread = 37.129 mm , Hook material = wrought carbon steel SF 60 , Permissible contact stress = 3 kg/mm 2 , The contact stress that occurs = 2.7 kg/mm 2 ); Boom ( Boom type = boom with fixed arm , Number of booms = 2 pieces , Boom length = 4 m , Boom weight = 1568.66 kg , Boom material = steel pipe , Tensile strength of the material = 40 kg/mm 2 , Tensile strength that occurs on the boom = 10 kg/mm 2 ); Gears ( Types of gears = worm gear , type of gear on the shaft material = cross gear , Type of chain used = hinge chain , chain weight per meter = 16.5 kg )
Abstract:This study aims to determine the perceptions and reasons or factors underlying community preferences in choosing fracture treatment in Laucimba Village, Kabanjahe District. The study was conducted in Laucimba Village using…
ng a qualitative descriptive method, with data collection techniques including observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that traditional medicine has a more dominant positive perception compared to modern medicine, traditional medicine is considered more affordable in terms of cost, comfort, and a relatively faster healing process. Meanwhile, modern medicine is perceived as a more certain and safe treatment because it is supported by medical examinations and professional health workers, but some people consider this treatment expensive and high risk because it requires surgery. Community preferences are generally influenced by factors such as cost, distance and accessibility, personal experience, and the influence of family and social environment. Community decision-making in choosing fracture treatment is a rational action that is adjusted to conditions, needs, and beliefs