Abstract:Abstract: The growing intensity of cyber attacks, marked by rapid, large-scale, automated, and adaptive execution, requires analytical methods that represent the diversity of network environments, including variations in…
target platforms such as IoT, traditional networks, and hybrid infrastructures. This study compares machine learning models for cyber attack classification under heterogeneous environmental conditions and formulates a conceptual optimization framework based on model performance. Four publicly available benchmark datasets were used, namely UNB CIC IoT 2023, UNB CIC IDS-2018, UNSW-NB15, and a Kaggle cyber security attacks dataset, comprising approximately 40,000 to over 3.6 million records and 25 to 80 features across IoT, conventional, and mixed network environments. Random Forest, XGBoost, Multilayer Perceptron, and Transformer were implemented within a unified pipeline involving preprocessing, feature selection, and Bayesian Optimization-based hyperparameter tuning. All models achieved F1-score and Cohen's Kappa above 96%, with XGBoost performing best (97.80%, 97.26%), followed by Random Forest (97.78%, 96.96%) and Transformer (97.44%, 96.82%), while MLP scored lowest (96.74%, 96.00%), a gap below one percentage point. Confusion matrix analysis revealed persistent misclassification in minority and overlapping attack classes, informing a proposed adaptive cyber attack simulation optimization framework.
Keywords: cyber attacks; optimization; machine learning; environmental variability.
Abstrak: Meningkatnya intensitas serangan siber yang berlangsung cepat, masif, otomatis, dan adaptif menuntut pendekatan analitis yang merepresentasikan keragaman lingkungan jaringan, termasuk perbedaan karakteristik platform sasaran seperti Internet of Things (IoT), jaringan konvensional, dan infrastruktur hibrida. Penelitian ini membandingkan model machine learning untuk klasifikasi serangan siber pada kondisi lingkungan heterogen, sekaligus menyusun kerangka optimasi konseptual berdasarkan performa model. Empat dataset benchmark publik digunakan, yaitu UNB CIC IoT 2023, UNB CIC IDS-2018, UNSW-NB15, serta dataset Kaggle cyber security attacks, dengan jumlah data berkisar 40.000 hingga lebih dari 3,6 juta rekaman dan 25 sampai 80 fitur, mewakili lingkungan IoT, konvensional, dan campuran. Random Forest, XGBoost, Multilayer Perceptron, dan Transformer diimplementasikan melalui pipeline terpadu mencakup pra-pemrosesan, seleksi fitur, dan optimasi hyperparameter berbasis Bayesian Optimization. Seluruh model mencapai F1-score dan Cohen's Kappa di atas 96%, dengan XGBoost menunjukkan performa terbaik (97,80%, 97,26%), diikuti Random Forest (97,78%, 96,96%) dan Transformer (97,44%, 96,82%), sementara MLP mencatat skor terendah (96,74%, 96,00%), dengan selisih kurang dari satu poin persentase. Analisis confusion matrix mengungkap misklasifikasi yang konsisten pada kelas minoritas dan serangan dengan karakteristik serupa, yang menjadi dasar kerangka optimasi simulasi serangan siber adaptif yang diusulkan.
Kata kunci: serangan siber; optimasi; machine learning; variabilitas lingkungan
Abstract:Abstract: Conventional semiconductor chip counting at PT Elektronik Indonesia relies on manual weighing, which is prone to human error and inefficiency. This study proposes a desktop-based counting system using a digital…
scanner and image processing. The novelty lies in integrating horizontal-vertical projection with probabilistic Hough transform to robustly detect grid lines, form square cells, and enable accurate unit estimation via average intensity analysis, eliminating the need for reference weighing. Experiments on 15 actual chip images yielded an error rate of 0.009519% and up to 73.674%time efficiency gains compared to the manual method. The system reduces operator dependency, minimizes errors, and accelerates counting, providing a practical machine vision solution for semiconductor production.
Keywords: chip counting; image processing; probabilistic hough transform; grid line detection; time effeciency.
Abstrak: Penghitungan chip semikonduktor konvensional di PT Elektronik Indonesia bergantung pada penimbangan manual, yang rentan terhadap kesalahan manusia dan kurang efisien. Penelitian ini mengusulkan sistem penghitungan berbasis desktop menggunakan scanner digital dan pengolahan citra. Kebaruan terletak pada integrasi proyeksi horizontal-vertikal dengan probabilistic Hough transform untuk mendeteksi garis grid secara kuat, membentuk sel persegi, serta memungkinkan estimasi unit akurat melalui analisis intensitas rata-rata, sehingga menghilangkan kebutuhan penimbangan referensi. Eksperimen pada 15 citra chip aktual menghasilkan tingkat kesalahan 0,009519% dan peningkatan efisiensi waktu hingga 73,674% dibandingkan metode manual. Sistem ini mengurangi ketergantungan operator, meminimalkan kesalahan, dan mempercepat penghitungan, menyediakan solusi machine vision praktis untuk produksi semikonduktor.
Kata kunci: penghitungan chip; pengolahan citra; probabilistic Hough transform; deteksi garis grid; efisiensi waktu.
Abstract:Face recognition has become a common thing used in the field of surveillance and security in computer technology and image devices. This study aims to identify the usefulness of a person's face on 3 test images. This study…
dy examines the methods of cropping techniques, image enhancement through intensity measurement, and histogram analysis to improve the contrast and distribution of image intensity. In addition, the Viola-Jones algorithm is used to detect key facial features such as eyes, nose, and mouth. The results of the analysis are then applied in the feature evaluation stage, where usually between facial features are applied to measure the ratio of facial proportions. Furthermore, the comparison of proportional ratios of several images was analyzed using bar graphs and line graphs to evaluate the trend and stability of facial proportions. The results showed the best ratio stability with a smaller variation of the on-off ratio of image 2 which is 0.4762 pixels to 0.4983 pixels. Image 2 is the most ideal for face measurement systems based on geometric ratios because it provides more consistent and visible results.
Abstract:Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis tumbuhan paku (Pteridophyta) dan tingkat keanekaragamannya di Desa Terentang Baru, Kecamatan Batin XXIV, Jambi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Mei 2026 menggunakan metode survei…
vei eksploratif dengan teknik purposive sampling dan metode jelajah. Hasil penelitian menemukan 10 spesies tumbuhan paku yang tergolong dalam 9 genus dan 8 famili. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener (H') sebesar 2,18 (kategori sedang) dan indeks kemerataan (E) sebesar 0,95 (kategori tinggi). Kondisi lingkungan berupa suhu 28°C, kelembapan 82%, pH tanah 6,4, dan intensitas cahaya 1.200 Lux mendukung pertumbuhan tumbuhan paku. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan paku di lokasi penelitian tergolong cukup baik dan berpotensi menjadi data dasar inventarisasi flora lokal serta konservasi keanekaragaman hayati.
This study aimed to identify fern (Pteridophyta) species and determine their diversity level in Terentang Baru Village, Batin XXIV District, Jambi. Conducted in May 2026 using an exploratory survey, purposive sampling, and roaming methods, the study identified 10 fern species belonging to 9 genera and 8 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was 2.18 (moderate), while the evenness index (E) was 0.95 (high). Environmental conditions, including a temperature of 28°C, humidity of 82%, soil pH of 6.4, and light intensity of 1,200 Lux, supported fern growth. The findings indicate relatively good fern diversity and provide baseline data for local flora inventory and biodiversity conservation.
Abstract:Tiakur City, the capital of Southwest Maluku Regency, has undergone significant physical development between 2015 and 2025, driven by population growth and economic activities. This study employs a quantitative approach…
using remote sensing technology with PlanetScope satellite imagery to analyze land cover changes. The analysis reveals an increase in built-up land area from 171.29 hectares (7.31%) in 2015 to 395.66 hectares (16.89%) in 2025, while non-built-up land experienced a decline. These findings indicate a rapid development rate and highlight the importance of sustainable spatial planning. In conclusion, understanding the patterns and intensity of land cover changes in Tiakur City is crucial for evaluating spatial planning policies and improving infrastructure development planning for the future.
Abstract:Tax avoidance represents a strategic maneuver by taxpayers to minimize their tax burden by capitalizing on the intricacies of tax legislation. This complex phenomenon encompasses a range of tactics, including leveraging…
exemptions, deductions, tax incentives, non-taxable income, deferring tax liabilities, and, regrettably, engaging in unethical practices such as bribery and forgery. This study seeks to unravel the intricate relationships between profitability, solvency, capital intensity, and company size regarding tax avoidance within the manufacturing sector, specifically targeting food and beverage firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2022. Employing the Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR) as a proxy for tax avoidance, we meticulously selected a sample of 70 companies through purposive sampling based on rigorous criteria. Our analysis, conducted via multiple linear regression using SPSS 25, reveals compelling insights: profitability, solvency, and capital intensity significantly bolster tax avoidance strategies, while larger company size appears to dampen these efforts. Collectively, these factors create a multifaceted influence on tax avoidance behaviors, highlighting the intricate dynamics at play within the corporate landscape.
Abstract:This research aims to investigate the impact of transfer pricing, thin capitalization, and capital intensity on tax avoidance within the consumer goods industry. The study focuses on how these key financial strategies are…
e employed by companies to reduce their tax liabilities while navigating complex global tax environments. Transfer pricing allows companies to shift profits across jurisdictions by manipulating the prices of intra-company transactions, while thin capitalization—the practice of using excessive debt relative to equity—enables companies to maximize interest deductions and lower taxable income. Capital intensity, defined as the ratio of capital assets to sales, also plays a crucial role, as firms with significant physical assets can benefit from tax deductions through depreciation, further reducing taxable obligations. The sample used in this study was selected using purposive sampling, resulting in 23 companies that have complete financial reports and meet the specified criteria. By analyzing financial data and company reports, this research provides insights into sector-specific tax strategies and discusses the ethical implications, sustainability, and regulatory challenges associated with these practices in the consumer goods sector. The analysis shows that transfer pricing negatively and significantly affects tax avoidance, indicating that more aggressive transfer pricing practices may actually reduce tax avoidance activities. In contrast, thin capitalization and capital intensity do not show a significant impact on tax avoidance.
Abstract:Learning media is a container for messages that can clarify the presentation of roles and information, increase teaching intensity, and simplify the learning process. Learning resources can be grouped into message components,…
ents, people components, tool components, and technical components. Learning resources can also be used as learning media, which can increase and direct student attention, have more direct interaction between students and learning resources, and help students learn individually according to their abilities and interests. Learning media can be grouped into four groups, namely media resulting from print technology, media resulting from audio-visual technology, media resulting from computer-based technology, and media resulting from a combination of print and computer technology. The selection of learning resources and teaching materials must be based on the goals to be achieved, and teaching materials must include exercises that can explore students' thinking abilities. Learning media is part of learning resources and at the same time an integral part of educational technology that needs to be utilized and utilized.
Abstract:This study investigates the relationships between tax audit intensity, the probability of fraud detection, and tax evasion while examining the moderating role of tax officials' service. The research reveals that tax audit…
t intensity significantly reduces tax evasion, confirming its effectiveness as a deterrent. However, the hypothesis regarding the probability of fraud detection's impact on tax evasion was rejected, indicating that the likelihood of detection does not directly influence taxpayer behavior in this context. Additionally, the study found no significant moderating effect of tax officials' service on the relationship between tax audit intensity, fraud detection probability, and tax evasion. These findings suggest that while audit intensity is crucial for enhancing compliance, the quality of service provided by tax officials does not substantially alter taxpayer responses to enforcement measures. The results underscore the need for tax authorities to prioritize strengthening audit processes and detection mechanisms while recognizing that service quality, though important for building long-term trust, may not significantly influence immediate compliance behavior. Future research should explore other moderating factors that could impact taxpayer decisions in varying economic and cultural contexts.
Abstract:Ginjal merupakan organ vital yang berperan mengatur keseimbangan cairan, asam basa, metabolisme serta mengeluarkan toksin (sisa metabolisme) dari tubuh. Jika terjadi kerusakan pada ginjal dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit…
yakit ginjal kronik yang mengakibatkan fungsi ginjal menurun sehingga ginjal tidak mampu mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan elektrolit, metabolisme dan terjadi uremia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode berupa studi kasus pada satu pasien. Pertama kali dilakukan pengukuran rasa haus dengan menggunakan skala Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for Assessment of Thirst Intensity. Kemudian diberikan permen karet sebelum dan saat melakukan hemodialisa (HD), lalu dilakukan pengukuran kembali setelah diberikan permen karet untuk menilai keefektifan intervensi. Hasil menunjukan dengan dilakukannya intervensi mengunyah permen karet, tingkat haus pasien menurun dari skala 7 menjadi skala 3 selama 3 hari pemberian intervensi. Mengunyah permen mampu mengurangi rasa haus pada pasien yang sedang melakukan pembatasan cairan.