Abstract:The legal basis of a valid contract according to the Civil Code is regulated in Article 1338 of the Civil Code, namely that all formal contracts apply as law for the parties thereto. From this article it can be concluded…
that there is a principle of freedom of contract, but this freedom is limited by the law of coercion, so that the contracting parties must submit to the law of coercion. The legal consequences of a previous contract for the parties to the contract can be terminated by one of the parties who submits a request for cancellation, a demand for a refund or even a claim for compensation if misstatements and errors are found in the contract and the backdated date. The validity and date of withdrawal of physical evidence of the contract, it is necessary to first examine the conditions for the validity of the contract, which must meet the prerequisites ( agreement of the parties), although Article 1321 of the Civil Code emphasizes the validity of the contract itself, which must not be the result of error, coercion or fraud.
Abstract:The purpose of this research is to determine the improvement in performance and learning outcomes of Physics with the Google Form Assisted Inquiry Learning Model for Class X SMA Asuhan Daya Medan. The type of research used…
ed is classroom action research which aims to determine whether there is an increase in performance and learning outcomes of the subjects, namely students. The population of this research is all students of Class X SMA Asuhan Daya Medan. The sample is class X-IPA, totaling 25 students, who are taught using the inquiry learning model based on the concept of freedom of learning. This type of research is carried out using two cycles to achieve good learning outcomes. The instrument in this question consists of 14 multiple-choice questions with options (a, b, c, d and e) which are tested for validity, reliability and level of test difficulty. Learning outcomes are obtained using the Gain value according to the results of the hypothesis test, learning outcomes increase from ???? ̅ pre-cycle = 36.36 to ???? ̅ cycle I = 68.91 N-Gain = 0.44 and is classified as neutral. learning improvement from ???? ̅ diaphragm = 36.36 ???? ̅ cycle II = 85.09 with N-Gain = 0.74 is classified as high. The increase in learning activity ???? ̅ cycle I meeting 1 = 40.94 to ???? ̅ cycle and I fulfill the first N-Gain = 0.19 less classified as meeting 2 = 52.00, then the learning activity increases ???? ̅ cycle I 1 = 40.94 to meeting II = 66.06 seconds N With - Gain = 0.42 is classified as moderate, and the increase in active learning ???? ̅ cycle I meeting 1 = 40.91 to ???? ̅ cycle II meeting 2 = 85.09 with the third N-Gain = 0.85 is classified as high. The results of this research show an increase in performance and higher learning outcomes in the learning process using the Google Form Assisted Inquiry Learning Model for Class X of SMA Asuhan Daya Medan in the 2023/2024 academic year.
Abstract:Pasien yang sudah lama menjalani tindakan hemodialisa tetap masih mengalami kecemasan. Hal ini dikarenakan individu dengan hemodialisis jangka panjang sering merasa khawatir akan kondisi sakitnya yang tidak dapat diramalkan.…
alkan. Kecemasan adalah kondisi neurofisiologis yang terjadi secara otomatis, ditandai dengan respon melarikan diri terhadap ancaman yang sedang dihadapi. Salah satu upaya mengatasi kecemasan dapat dilakukan terapi SEFT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Terapi Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Terhadap Kecemasan pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Di Ruang Hemodialisa Rumah Sakit Tk. III Dr. Reksodiwiryo Kota Padang Tahun 2025. Metode penelitian ini merupakan quasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret-Agustus 2025. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling sebanyak 19 responden. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata kecemasan sebelum diberikan terapi yaitu 27,42, rata-rata kecemasan sesudah diberikan terapi yaitu 18,42. Hasil uji statistik paired sample t-test diperoleh p-value 0,000. maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ada Pengaruh Terapi Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Terhadap Kecemasan pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik di Ruang Hemodialisa Rumah Sakit Tk. III Dr. Reksodiwiryo Padang Tahun 2025. Saran perawat dapat menerapkan SEFT kepada pasien dan pasien dapat melakukan terapi SEFT secara mandiri.
Abstract:AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji efektivitas pemungutan retribusi pelayanan persampahan di Kabupaten Bangkalan pasca berlakunya Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Bangkalan Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi…
ribusi Daerah. Melalui pendekatan Hukum Administrasi Negara, kajian ini membedah keabsahan wewenang, instrumen yuridis, dan hambatan operasional Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bangkalan. Analisis dilakukan dengan menerapkan teori kewenangan Philipus M. Hadjon, teori instrumen pemerintahan Ridwan HR, serta teori efektivitas hukum Soerjono Soekanto.
Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa rencana penerapan retribusi sampah bagi dapur Program Makan Bergizi Gratis sebesar dua ratus ribu rupiah per bulan berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 3 Tahun 2024 dan Peraturan Bupati Nomor 9 Tahun 2025 belum berjalan efektif. Tingkat kepatuhan wajib retribusi sangat rendah karena hanya sekitar dua puluh pelaksana yang melakukan pembayaran. Penyebab utama meliputi ketidakjelasan skema pelayanan akibat tarif yang tidak mencakup biaya pengangkutan sampah, kelumpuhan infrastruktur di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Buluh, dan lemahnya penegakan sanksi administratif oleh aparat pemungut. Situasi ini memicu tindakan kedinasan non-prosedural serta konflik sosial-ekologis dengan masyarakat desa setempat.
Guna menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut, diperlukan klarifikasi skema pelayanan yang mencakup seluruh komponen biaya, rehabilitasi infrastruktur pemrosesan sampah, serta penguatan penegakan sanksi administratif untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan dan efektivitas pemungutan retribusi.
Kata Kunci: Hukum Administrasi Negara; Retribusi Sampah; Efektivitas Hukum; Kabupaten Bangkalan.
AbstractThis study aims to examine the effectiveness of waste service retribution collection in Bangkalan Regency following the enactment of Bangkalan Regency Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2024 concerning Regional Taxes and Retributions. Using an Administrative Law approach, this research analyzes the legitimacy of authority, juridical instruments, and operational obstacles faced by the Environmental Agency of Bangkalan Regency. The analysis applies Philipus M. Hadjon’s theory of authority, Ridwan HR’s theory of government instruments, and Soerjono Soekanto’s theory of legal effectiveness.
The findings reveal that the planned implementation of a waste retribution fee of two hundred thousand rupiah per month for kitchens under the Free Nutritious Meals Program (Program Makan Bergizi Gratis), based on Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2024 and Regent Regulation Number 9 of 2025, has not been effective. The level of compliance among retribution payers remains very low, with only approximately twenty operators making payments. The main causes include unclear service schemes due to tariffs that do not cover waste transportation costs, the dysfunction of infrastructure at the Buluh Final Processing Site (Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Buluh), and weak enforcement of administrative sanctions by collection officers. This situation has triggered non-procedural administrative actions and socio-ecological conflicts with local village communities.
To address these issues, it is necessary to clarify the service scheme to include all cost components, rehabilitate waste processing infrastructure, and strengthen the enforcement of administrative sanctions in order to improve compliance and the overall effectiveness of retribution collection.
Keywords: Administrative Law; Waste Retribution; Legal Effectiveness; Bangkalan Regency.
Abstract:Employment is an activity undertaken by individuals to earn income in order to sustain a decent standard of living. Employment relationships are established through agreements between employers and workers, and such agreements…
ements should ensure decent work conditions. However, in reality, there is insufficient government supervision in ensuring the fulfillment of workers’ rights in accordance with Law No. 13 of 2003. The distribution of rights for female workers is also not optimally implemented. In addition, workforce skills remain a concern, as many workers only possess primary to junior secondary education. Furthermore, freelance work has become increasingly popular due to its flexibility in time and location.
Therefore, solutions are needed to address employment issues in Bengkulu Province. Data collection in this study was conducted through interviews with the Bengkulu Provincial Manpower Office. Data analysis employed a qualitative approach. The findings indicate that many workers are engaged in seasonal sectors with unstable income. The Bengkulu Provincial Manpower Office has implemented programs such as job fairs, vocational training and education, and occupational health and safety socialization. Generation Z is perceived as less loyal and tends to frequently change jobs, showing a strong preference for freelance work due to its flexibility. Policy development is needed to provide legal protection for workers. Recommended actions include stricter enforcement against companies violating labor rights, particularly those committing violence against female workers, conducting awareness programs in collaboration with the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection and labor protection institutions, and optimizing integrated reporting systems to accelerate the resolution of such cases.
Abstract:The research takes an insight look into the complicated representation of love, using the short story of The Dumb Man by Sherwood Anderson within the existentialism framework. The deaf and mute protagonist becomes a metaphor…
phor for the universal human condition in his search for love and communication amidst a society that cares less. In his tacit quest for love, Anderson exemplifies an existentialist perspective: Love is not a desire—one feels—but a highly conscious effort to assert one's existence in reality, both freely chosen and constrained by society. This analysis is conducted through qualitative method and explorative approach in unpacking meaning from the narrative, with the contention that hopes for love functions as a central vehicle for self-transformation. It is in this quest for love that this story wrestles through the tension of aloneness with man's need to connect, representative of the complex, intertwined relationship between individual independence and the world outside. Ultimately, through this story, how it unfolds existentialism culminates into the relentless, sometimes painful pursuit of love—thereby bringing out the core role of existentialism in the journey towards self-actualization and insight into the human condition.
Abstract:Freemansonry adalah organisasi rahasia yang termasuk dalam gerakan new age movement. Organisasi yang didirikan di Inggris pada tahun 1717 Kemudian menyebar ke seluruh dunia, pada tahun 1756 didirikan Loge Agung Nederland…
sebagai awal terbentuknya Freemasonry di Belanda. Kelompok Persaudaraan yang memiliki dimensi mistis ini telah ada sejak VOC pertama kali datang ke Nusantara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan menerapkan metode penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif mengungkapkan dan Memahami sebuah fenomena atau fakta yang terjadi secara alami oleh objek penelitian holistik pada suatu konteks yang dikaji dalam bentuk kata-kata dan bahasa alami. Freemasonry diinterpretasikan sebagai organisasi yang misterius namun ternyata dalam penelitian yang telah dilakukan aktivitas Freemasonry tidak merujuk pada kemisteriusan yang dibayangkan, Keberadaan Loji Sint. Jan menandakan bahwa Freemasonry sebagai organisasi yang peduli terhadap sosial dan erat terhadap persahabatan, Dengan didirikannya lembaga pendidikan seperti Frobelschool hingga lembaga sosial lainnya, Freemasonry dianggap sebagai organisasi elit di mana pihak pribumi bisa tergabung dalam keanggotaannya, Namun tidak sembarangan orang yang bisa bergabung melainkan orang-orang yang mempunyai keahlian di bidang sain, hal tersebut membuat siapapun yang masuk organisasi ini akan setara dengan orang-orang Eropa, Kebanggaan menjadi anggota Freemasonry membuat beberapa orang yang menandai nisan kubur mereka dengan lambang Freemason, Sebagai tanda bahwa dia adalah orang yang hebat masa hidupnya. Jejak Freemasonry yang cukup kuat pengaruhnya di Bandung Serta peninggalan yang banyak namun kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai organisasi yang bisa dikatakan sebagai kumpulan yang menyumbang pembangunan dan pemikiran sehingga diharapkan masyarakat mengenal dan paham terhadap sejarah Freemasonry.
Abstract:This study aims to elucidate the essence of Indonesian elementary school students' lived experiences of mindfulness meditation and how it shapes their perceptions of concentration and memory in the context of "Freedom to…
Learn." A hermeneutic-phenomenological study was conducted with five students in grades 4-5. Data were generated through in-depth conversations and participant observations during a four-week classroom mindfulness program and analyzed through phenomenological reduction and thematic synthesis. The research findings indicate that the unchanging essence, namely "a shift from an anxious mind to a calm mind that opens up space for learning," is expressed through four interrelated themes: perceived emotional calm, sustained attention, easier recall, and positive appreciation of quiet moments. The study concludes that mindfulness is not simply a technique, but a pedagogical way of life that begins with learning; integrating brief, mindful pauses can foster reflective, calm, and independent learners aligned with the Pancasila Student Profile.
Abstract:This article discusses the analysis of the format and presentation of the English course in the Merdeka Curriculum. The Merdeka Curriculum is a curriculum with an intracurricular learning system that provides teachers with…
th the freedom to choose teaching materials according to the needs and interests of the students. English is one of the subjects programmed in the Merdeka Curriculum. The English language learning in the Merdeka Curriculum is designed to help individuals improve their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills in English. This research adopts a library research method by collecting data and information from relevant literature sources. The collected data is analyzed through a review and understanding of existing literature. The research findings indicate that the Merdeka Curriculum provides comprehensive guidelines regarding identity, structure, teaching methods, and assessment, with a focus on flexibility in subject selection and the development of individual potential.
Abstract:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan aplikasi Hello English terhadap keterampilan berbicara siswa kelas tujuh di SMPN 13 Kota Tangerang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuantitatif quasi-eksperimental…
imental untuk menguji apakah aplikasi tersebut dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara siswa secara lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan metode pengajaran konvensional. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari siswa kelas tujuh tahun ajaran 2024/2025, dengan dua kelas yang dipilih sebagai sampel menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling, yaitu kelas 7E dan 7F yang masing-masing berjumlah 35 siswa. Satu kelas dijadikan kelompok eksperimen yang menggunakan aplikasi Hello English, sedangkan kelas lainnya menjadi kelompok kontrol dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes berbicara dan dianalisis secara statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang diajar menggunakan aplikasi Hello English memperoleh kemampuan berbicara yang lebih baik, dengan rata-rata nilai post-test sebesar 84,00 dibandingkan dengan 74,86 pada kelas kontrol. Selain itu, hasil Independent Samples Test menunjukkan nilai t-hitung sebesar 5,616 dengan derajat kebebasan 68 dan nilai signifikansi di bawah 0,05 (<0,001), yang berarti terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara kedua kelompok. Oleh karena itu, hipotesis nol ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif diterima. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa aplikasi Hello English secara signifikan meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa.
This study investigates the effect of using the Hello English application on the speaking skills of seventh-grade students at SMPN 13 Kota Tangerang. The research employed a quantitative, quasi-experimental design to examine whether the application could improve students’ oral proficiency more effectively than conventional teaching methods. The population consisted of seventh-grade students in the 2024/2025 academic year, with two classes selected as samples using cluster random sampling: class 7E and class 7F, each with 35 students. One class served as the experimental group using the Hello English application, while the other functioned as the control group using conventional instruction. Data were collected through speaking tests and analyzed statistically. The findings revealed that students taught through the Hello English application achieved better speaking performance, with an average post-test score of 84.00 compared to 74.86 in the control class. Furthermore, the Independent Samples Test showed a t-score of 5.616 with 68 degrees of freedom and a significance value below 0.05 (<0.001), indicating a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. In conclusion, the Hello English application significantly improved students’ speaking skills.