Abstract:The concept of authority plays a pivotal role in the context of civil law, particularly in delineating the powers and responsibilities vested in legal subjects through statutory provisions. This research explores the nuanced…
nced distinctions between "authority" and "competence," asserting that authority in civil law is a formal power granted by legislation, whereas competence refers to the scope and nature of the duties assigned. The study adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing descriptive analysis to investigate the legal foundations and implications of authority, particularly its attribution, delegation, and mandate in the legal system. The findings emphasize the complex interplay between state sovereignty and civil law, illustrating how authority functions within legal relationships and its relevance in ensuring accountability. This paper further examines how civil law governs the delegation of authority, its implications for legal subjects, and the underlying principles that guide such delegation. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader discourse on authority in civil law, highlighting the essential role of legal frameworks in governing power delegation while maintaining legal order and justice.
Abstract:This research is motivated by the increasing awareness of environmental care through the green mosque approach. The Green Mosque Movement itself is a strategic program to support the government's program in the Net-Zero…
carbon emissions target by 2060 and the character of caring for the environment. The aim of this research is to determine the planning, organization, implementation, supervision, supporting and inhibiting factors as well as the results of green mosque-based environmental care character education at SMAN 3 Kuningan and SMPN 7 Cirebon. This research is qualitative research with a naturalistic approach. The results of this research show (1) Planning for environmentally caring character education based on green Mosques was carried out with the help of a policy of integrating environmental education in subjects including religious education, citizenship education, and all subjects in schools, (2) Organizing was carried out by delegating tasks according to the plans and main tasks of school managers and stakeholders as well as organizing the learning components of environmentally caring character education based on green Mosques, (3) Implementing environmentally caring character education based on green Mosques by building a School Mosque that is full of environmentally caring character education values that are relevant to environmental learning with fulfills the 6 criteria for the green building concept, (4) Supervision of green mosque-based environmental care character education that has been planned can be used as a benchmark for the performance of the organizational structure that is led in carrying out its duties, (4) Supporting factors include the role of teachers, parents and the government, while the main obstacle at the start of construction was funding and design of the mosque design with the green mosques concept which is still relatively new. (5) As a result, green mosques-based mosques succeeded in forming students' environmental awareness and behavior, with environmentally friendly designs, sustainable use of resources, and the use of mosques as places for learning outside the classroom, which effectively instilled environmental care values and inspired students to apply them at home.
Abstract:The word Maisir in Arabic literally means to obtain something very easily without hard work or to gain profit without working. It is anything that involves gambling, betting or risky games. Another term used in the Quran…
is the word `azlam' which means the practice of gambling. Economic activity plays a vital role in creating a prosperous, just and prosperous society. Islam teaches in the economic system of its ummah, based on the values of justice that must be upheld, and become the main principle for conducting economic activities. Every economic activity must contain elements of benefit and not mistreatment of himself and others, so that economic activity can create community welfare equally. Conducting economic activities is not allowed to be done if it contains elements of gharar, maysir and usury or taking the rights of others by false means. In the Qur'an letter al-Baqarah: 219 and surat al- Ma'idah: 90 and 91, it is known that gambling is an abominable act that is forbidden by Islam. The scholars also said that gambling (maisir) is a game where the winner gets a certain amount of money or goods without reasonable effort and can make people fall into the valley of poverty because it contains three elements, namely games/competitions, there is a bet, luck. Today's modern conventional (non-sharia) businesses generally contain three elements that are prohibited in Islamic economic ideology, namely gharar, maisir and riba. This happens not separated from the reality of conventional business development trends and not widespread awareness and coverage of economic services based on Islamic economics. Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) is the first purely Islamic bank in Indonesia which in principle all of its main products both in the service of Financing Strategy products (deposits funds) and financing products (financing) based on the Islamic system (profit sharing). BMI seeks to implement aspects of Islamic economic ideology that consistently avoids gharar, maisir and usury.
Abstract:Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major driver of internal displacement, particularly in fragile states like Libya where environmental shocks intersect with political instability and weak governance. This study…
udy investigates how climate-induced internal displacement affects social cohesion in Libya’s coastal cities, focusing on Tripoli, Misrata, and Benghazi. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations involving internally displaced persons (IDPs), host community members, and local stakeholders. Findings reveal that environmental factors such as drought and flooding have forced vulnerable populations to migrate from Libya’s interior regions to urban coastal centers. These displacements have strained public services, exacerbated competition for resources, and led to growing tensions between displaced populations and host communities. Social trust, mutual support, and access to services have all been undermined, while IDPs often face legal invisibility, psychological stress, and marginalization. Despite these challenges, the research identifies promising local initiatives that have fostered integration and rebuilt social ties, including joint livelihood programs and inclusive municipal governance efforts. However, these efforts remain fragmented and unsustainable without broader policy support. The study concludes that to prevent further erosion of social cohesion, Libya must adopt a national legal framework to recognize and protect climate-displaced persons, strengthen municipal capacities, and integrate displacement considerations into urban planning and climate adaptation strategies. This article contributes to emerging literature on climate migration and urban resilience by providing grounded, context-specific insights into how environmental displacement reshapes the social fabric in post-conflict settings.
Abstract:Dispute resolution in the health sector often involves complex and emotional processes. This study examines the development of restorative policies as an alternative to health dispute resolution using a comparative approach.…
ach. Restorative policies, which focus on dialogue, mediation and consensus-based resolution, enable peaceful dispute resolution and maintain good relations between patients, health workers and healthcare institutions. This study revealed that the implementation of restorative policies can reduce emotional tension, accelerate resolution, and minimise stigma. Strong policy support, including training of professional mediators and strengthening health sector regulations, is required for the successful implementation of restorative methods. The main recommendation is the integration of restorative policies into a more humane and inclusive health dispute resolution system, providing satisfactory outcomes for all parties involved.
Abstract:The passing of the Health Law is a strategic step in strengthening human rights guarantees in the field of public services, especially access to health services. This law affirms the state's commitment to fulfil the basic…
c right of the people to quality health in an equitable manner. However, the main challenge lies in reducing regional disparities and ensuring that vulnerable groups are not left behind in obtaining services that are inclusive and based on social justice. Through a human rights approach, Health Law has great potential to realise a more equitable and comprehensive national health system. With proper monitoring and implementation, this law can be the main foundation for achieving rights-based and equitable public services.
Abstract:Complaints and legal dispute resolution mechanisms between medical personnel and patients are important processes in safeguarding patients' rights while ensuring that medical personnel carry out their profession with applicable…
licable standards. Complaints are usually made by patients or families to the relevant institutions, where the process may involve mediation as an initial attempt at resolution. If mediation is unsuccessful, the dispute may proceed through formal legal channels or alternative mechanisms such as arbitration. Settlements are based on evidence, medical documentation, and expert opinion to ensure fair decisions. This mechanism is designed to create transparency, accountability, and legal protection that helps build trust between patients and medical personnel and maintain the quality of healthcare services.
Abstract:The global pandemic has drastically altered the global economic landscape, necessitating the reconstruction of economic legal frameworks to support global recovery and stability. This article outlines the importance of implementing…
mplementing flexible, innovative, and multilateral cooperation-oriented legal frameworks to address various post-pandemic challenges. An approach based on strengthening inclusive financial systems, digitalisation, and local economic empowerment is seen as the main solution to reduce inequality and promote a sustainable economy. By emphasising the principles of global justice and adaptation to change, the reconstruction of the economic legal framework is expected to not only ensure short-term recovery but also build long-term resilience in the face of future crises. This article offers a holistic perspective on the importance of updating the economic legal framework as a foundation for creating post-pandemic global stability.
Abstract:This article analyzes the role of political budgeting in strengthening an inclusive government system through a literature review. The main findings show that political budgeting is a vital tool that functions not only as…
s a support for government functions but also as a driver of transparency and accountability in governance. Public participation in the budgeting and oversight processes is presented as a key component to ensure inclusiveness and responsiveness to the needs of marginalized groups. Additionally, the strengthening of institutional capacity and the strict enforcement of laws against budget deviations are mentioned as important aspects in improving the effective use of funds. In conclusion, the role of political budgeting in enhancing an inclusive government system requires collaboration from various stakeholders and a commitment to continuous improvement in public financial governance.
Abstract:The rapid expansion of digital communication technologies has transformed the structure of human interaction within hyperconnected societies. This study examines the emergence of digital intimacy and its implications for…
the decline of authentic human presence in contemporary communication practices. Using a qualitative conceptual approach grounded in communication theory, media ecology, existential philosophy, and critical digital studies, this article explores how social media platforms, algorithmic systems, and virtual interaction reshape intimacy, identity, and relational experience. The findings reveal that hyperconnectivity produces a paradoxical condition in which individuals remain continuously connected yet increasingly experience emotional fragmentation, loneliness, performative communication, and communicative fatigue. The study introduces the concept of “presence erosion” to explain the weakening of embodied interaction and existential closeness caused by excessive technological mediation. Furthermore, the article argues that digital capitalism commodifies emotional expression and social interaction through engagement-driven communication systems that prioritize visibility over authenticity. Although digital technologies provide opportunities for global connectivity and social participation, they simultaneously threaten the depth of human relationships by replacing direct presence with symbolic and algorithmic interaction. This study contributes to global communication scholarship by offering an interdisciplinary theoretical framework for understanding the crisis of presence in digital civilization. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the importance of reconstructing communicative ethics grounded in empathy, attentiveness, and authentic human engagement within increasingly mediated social environments.