Search Articles & Publications

Showing 1597 articles found for "While"

Community Service In Strengthening The Governance Of Occupational Safety And Health Competency Certification Through A Web-Based Information System At PT Batamindo Investment Cakrawala

Hilda Herasmus, Agus Suryadi, Mulyanto
Abstract: The Level 2 Working at Height (TKBT) training conducted by PT Batamindo Investment Cakrawala produced 22 certified employees across four divisions. However, post-training recommendations from the HRD unit identified the… absence of a periodic monitoring mechanism for certificate validity periods and personal protective equipment usage, while all record keeping remained paper-based and spreadsheet-driven. This condition creates a compliance risk against Minister of Manpower Regulation Number 9 of 2016, as expired certificates may go undetected before employees are assigned to work at height. This community service program aims to strengthen the partner's occupational safety competency certification governance through the design, implementation, and mentoring of a web-based information system. The implementation method consists of six stages: situation analysis, requirements analysis, system design, construction, socialisation and training, and operational mentoring. The system was developed using a three-tier architecture and comprises four core modules: certificate record management, automated validity notification, divisional recapitulation dashboard, and digital document archiving. Program effectiveness was measured using a pre-test and post-test design with a 20-item instrument covering four knowledge domains, analysed using normalized gain. Functional testing was conducted using the black box method, while user acceptance was measured using the System Usability Scale. The results show that participants' average knowledge score increased from 51.4 in the pre-test to 86.4 in the post-test, with a normalized gain of 0.72 categorised as high. Black box testing achieved a 90 percent success rate and the System Usability Scale score reached 82.5, indicating good user acceptance.

Sosialisasi Dan Edukasi Budidaya Maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Sebagai Solusi Pengelolaan Sampah Organik Dan Alternatif Pakan Ternak Di Desa Sukarami Kecamatan Seluma Selatan

Fatimah Azurrah, Melan Indah Hartono, Amalia Khairunnisa, Olivhia Dwinda Agustin, Adela Meydah Santika
Abstract: Sampah organik rumah tangga di Desa Sukarami, Kecamatan Seluma Selatan, selama ini belum dikelola secara optimal dan sebagian besar hanya dibuang atau dibakar, sementara peternak lokal menghadapi tekanan biaya akibat kenaikan… aikan harga pakan ternak pabrikan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan memberikan sosialisasi dan edukasi kepada warga mengenai budidaya maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) sebagai solusi ganda, yaitu mengurangi volume sampah organik sekaligus menyediakan sumber pakan ternak alternatif yang murah dan bergizi. Kegiatan dilaksanakan oleh Tim KKN Kelompok 46 dengan metode presentasi interaktif dan diskusi tanya jawab bersama warga. Materi yang disampaikan mencakup profil biologis maggot BSF (Hermetia illucens), siklus hidup, alur proses budidaya, kandungan gizi, alat dan bahan yang dibutuhkan, serta manfaat budidaya maggot dari aspek lingkungan, ekonomi, peternakan, dan sosial. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan peningkatan pemahaman dan antusiasme warga terhadap potensi budidaya maggot BSF sebagai peluang usaha rumahan sekaligus solusi pengelolaan sampah yang berkelanjutan. Kegiatan ini diharapkan menjadi langkah awal bagi warga Desa Sukarami untuk mengembangkan budidaya maggot BSF secara mandiri di lingkungan masing-masing. Household organic waste in Sukarami Village, South Seluma Sub-district, has not been optimally managed and is largely discarded or burned, while local livestock farmers face rising costs of manufactured feed. This community service activity aimed to socialize and educate residents on Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot cultivation as a dual solution for reducing organic waste volume while providing an affordable and nutritious alternative livestock feed source. The activity was carried out by KKN Group 46 through lectures, interactive presentations, and discussion sessions with residents. The material covered the biological profile of BSF maggots (Hermetia illucens), their life cycle, the cultivation process flow, nutritional content, required tools and materials, and the environmental, economic, livestock, and social benefits of maggot cultivation. The results showed an increase in residents' understanding and enthusiasm toward the potential of BSF maggot cultivation as a household business opportunity and a sustainable waste management solution. This activity is expected to be an initial step for Sukarami Village residents to independently develop BSF maggot cultivation in their respective environments. 

Penyuluhan Hukum Akad Musyarakah Dalam Penguatan Kemitraan Modal Berbasis Syariah Bagi Umkm Kuliner di Kota Tebing Tinggi

Fatimah Zahara, Uswatun Hasanah
Abstract: Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) kuliner di Kota Tebing Tinggi memiliki potensi besar dalam menggerakkan perekonomian lokal. Namun, banyak pelaku usaha masih menghadapi kendala keterbatasan modal untuk mengembangkan… an usahanya. Salah satu solusi pembiayaan yang sesuai dengan prinsip syariah adalah akad musyarakah, yaitu bentuk kemitraan modal antara dua pihak atau lebih dengan pembagian keuntungan dan risiko berdasarkan kesepakatan bersama. Sayangnya, pemahaman pelaku UMKM kuliner mengenai konsep dan mekanisme akad musyarakah masih rendah, sehingga skema pembiayaan berbasis syariah ini belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal, termasuk peluang kemitraan modal dengan Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) sebagai lembaga keuangan mikro syariah yang beroperasi di tingkat lokal. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan memberikan penyuluhan kepada pelaku UMKM kuliner di Kota Tebing Tinggi mengenai konsep, prinsip, dan penerapan akad musyarakah sebagai alternatif penguatan kemitraan modal berbasis syariah, sekaligus membuka wawasan mengenai peluang kemitraan dengan BMT setempat. Metode pelaksanaan meliputi survei pendahuluan, penyuluhan dan sosialisasi melalui ceramah interaktif, diskusi tanya jawab, serta pembahasan contoh perjanjian kerja sama akad musyarakah. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman peserta terhadap konsep akad musyarakah, manfaat kemitraan modal berbasis syariah, serta mekanisme bagi hasil yang adil dan transparan. Kegiatan ini diharapkan mendorong terbentuknya sinergi antara perguruan tinggi, pelaku UMKM, dan BMT dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi kuliner yang inklusif, berkeadilan, dan berbasis prinsip syariah. Culinary Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Tebing Tinggi City hold significant potential to drive the local economy. However, many business owners still face capital constraints that hinder business expansion. One Sharia-compliant financing solution is the musyarakah contract a form of capital partnership between two or more parties involving profit and risk sharing based on mutual agreement. Unfortunately, culinary MSME owners often lack understanding of the musyarakah concept and its mechanisms; consequently, this Sharia-based financing scheme remains underutilized, including opportunities for capital partnerships with Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) local Sharia microfinance institutions. This community service initiative aims to educate culinary MSME owners in Tebing Tinggi City on the concepts, principles, and application of musyarakah contracts as an alternative for strengthening Sharia-based capital partnerships, while also raising awareness about partnership opportunities with local BMTs. The implementation method involved a preliminary survey, educational outreach via interactive lectures and Q&A sessions, and a review of sample musyarakah cooperation agreements. The results indicate an improved understanding among participants regarding the musyarakah concept, the benefits of Sharia-based capital partnerships, and fair, transparent profit-sharing mechanisms. This activity is expected to foster synergy among universities, MSME owners, and BMTs, thereby supporting the growth of a culinary economy that is inclusive, equitable, and grounded in Sharia principles.

Cultivating Environmental Responsibility In Early Childhood: An Implementation Study Of The Eco-Schools Program For Character Development

Imam Faizin, Nova Khairul Anam
Abstract: Environmental education in early childhood plays an important role in developing children’s environmental care character through meaningful real-life experiences. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Eco-Schools… o-Schools program in fostering environmental care character among young children at POS PAUD Dahlia Mangli Randudongkal, Pemalang Regency. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observations, documentation, and field notes. The research subjects involved young children and teachers as facilitators of environment-based learning activities. The findings indicate that the Eco-Schools program was implemented through various concrete activities, including planting and caring for plants, watering plants, feeding animals, maintaining environmental cleanliness, and developing habits of disposing of waste properly. These activities provided children with direct experiences in understanding the relationship between humans and the environment while fostering values of responsibility, discipline, care, cooperation, and empathy toward living organisms. This study demonstrates that Eco-Schools can serve as an effective character-based learning strategy in early childhood education by integrating environmental education into the daily school culture. Sustainable implementation involving teachers, parents, and the community is essential to strengthen environmental awareness and care from an early age.

Strategi Pemasaran Pedagang Daging Ayam Di Era Persaingan Pasar: Studi Kasus Di Desa Cumedak Kabupaten Jember

Rikil Muchtar, Neviyani, Denok Mugi Hidayanti
Abstract: Keberadaan pedagang daging ayam skala mikro di pedesaan seringkali terabaikan dalam kebijakan pengembangan usaha, padahal mereka memegang peran vital dalam memenuhi kebutuhan protein hewani masyarakat sekaligus menjadi tulang… ulang punggung ekonomi keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis secara komprehensif strategi pemasaran yang diterapkan oleh pedagang daging ayam di Desa Cumedak, Kabupaten Jember, dalam menghadapi tekanan persaingan pasar yang semakin ketat pasca pandemi. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus, penelitian ini melibatkan tiga pedagang sebagai informan utama, serta pembeli dan tokoh masyarakat sebagai informan pendukung. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan dokumentasi, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model Miles, Huberman, dan Saldaña serta analisis SWOT sebagai kerangka pemetaan strategis. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa ketiga pedagang mengalami penurunan volume penjualan yang signifikan, berkisar antara 33% hingga 50%, yang mengindikasikan adanya tekanan eksternal struktural. Posisi strategis pedagang secara kolektif berada pada Kuadran III (Turn-Around) dan Kuadran IV (Defensif), yang mengonfirmasi dominasi kelemahan internal dan ancaman eksternal. Kekuatan utama berupa modal sosial dan reputasi terbukti tidak cukup untuk mengimbangi ancaman seperti masuknya pedagang luar desa, fluktuasi harga pakan, dan perubahan perilaku konsumen. Strategi pemasaran yang dijalankan masih bersifat reaktif dan tradisional, sangat bergantung pada promosi dari mulut ke mulut dan hubungan personal. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya intervensi eksternal yang terstruktur, terutama dalam bentuk pendampingan pemasaran digital, akses permodalan yang lebih mudah, dan pelatihan manajemen usaha, untuk membawa pedagang keluar dari posisi defensif menuju usaha yang lebih berdaya saing dan berkelanjutan. The existence of micro-scale chicken meat traders in rural areas is often overlooked in business development policies, even though they play a vital role in meeting the community's protein needs while serving as the backbone of family economies. This study aims to comprehensively identify and analyze the marketing strategies applied by chicken meat traders in Cumedak Village, Jember Regency, in facing increasingly intense market competition in the post-pandemic era. Using a qualitative approach with a case study type, this research involved three traders as key informants, as well as buyers and community leaders as supporting informants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model and SWOT analysis as a strategic mapping framework. The results reveal that all three traders experienced significant declines in sales volume, ranging from 33% to 50%, indicating structural external pressures. The traders' collective strategic position lies in Quadrant III (Turn-Around) and Quadrant IV (Defensive), confirming the dominance of internal weaknesses and external threats. Social capital and reputation as main strengths proved insufficient to counter threats such as the entry of outside village traders, fluctuating feed prices, and changing consumer behavior. The marketing strategies employed remain reactive and traditional, heavily reliant on word-of-mouth promotion and personal relationships. The implication of this research is the need for structured external intervention, particularly in the form of digital marketing assistance, easier access to capital, and business management training, to move traders from a defensive position towards a more competitive and sustainable enterprise.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Anemia Dengan Kepatuhan Konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah Pada Remaja Putri Di SMK Kesehatan Kabupaten Tangerang

Sekar Bela, Siti Rochmani, Ida Faridah
Abstract: Latar belakang: Anemia merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang masih banyak terjadi pada remaja putri. Salah satu upaya pencegahan anemia adalah konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah (TTD). Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk… tuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang anemia dengan kepatuhan konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah pada remaja putri di SMK Kesehatan Bina Prestasi Tangerang. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 115 remaja putri dengan teknik total sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner tingkat pengetahuan tentang anemia dan kepatuhan konsumsi TTD. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil: Sebagian besar responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan tentang anemia kategori rendah sebanyak 78 orang (67,8%), sedangkan kepatuhan konsumsi TTD sebagian besar berada pada kategori tidak patuh sebanyak 86 orang (74,8%). Hasil uji Chi-Square diperoleh p-value = 0,000 (≤0,05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang anemia dengan kepatuhan konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah pada remaja putri di SMK Kesehatan Bina Prestasi Tangerang. Background: Anemia is one of the health problems that commonly occurs among adolescent girls. One of the efforts to prevent anemia is the consumption of Iron Supplement Tablets (IST). Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about anemia and adherence to Iron Supplement Tablets consumption among adolescent girls at SMK Kesehatan Bina Prestasi Tangerang. Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The population and sample consisted of 115 adolescent girls selected using total sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires measuring the level of knowledge about anemia and adherence to Iron Supplement Tablets consumption. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: Most respondents had a low level of knowledge about anemia, totaling 78 respondents (67.8%), while 86 respondents (74.8%) were categorized as non-adherent to Iron Supplement Tablets consumption. The Chi-Square test resulted in a p-value of 0.000 (≤0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge about anemia and adherence to Iron Supplement Tablets consumption among adolescent girls at SMK Kesehatan Bina Prestasi Tangerang.

Hubungan Body Image Dengan Kecemasan Sosial Pada Remaja Kelas X Di SMKN 9 Kota Tangerang

Fitri Dwi Nurfadhilah, Siti Rochmani, Ida Faridah
Abstract: Latar Belakang: Kecemasan sosial disebut sebagai permasalahan kondisi kejiwaan dan banyak remaja terhambat dalam berinteraksi serta menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan. Salah satu faktor yang berperan terhadap munculnya… kecemasan sosial adalah body image, yaitu ketika individu memiliki persepsi pada bentuk serta cara berpenampilan dirinya. Meskipun demikian, dari mereka masih banyak yang merasa tidak percaya diri, khawatir terhadap penilaian orang lain, serta cenderung menghindari situasi sosial. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih dalam tentang body image dan kecemasan sosial pada remaja kelas X di SMKN 9 Kota Tangerang. Metode: Kuantitatif cross-sectional. Sampel berjumlah 190 responden dengan menggunakan analisis uji Spearman Rank. Hasil: Mayoritas responden berusia remaja periode tengah (94,7%), responden perempuan (71,6%). Responden bermayoritas body image negatif sejumlah 111 (58,4%), kecemasan sosial tinggi sebanyak 75 orang (39,5%). Analisis Spearman Rank (r = -0,728; p = 0,000). Kesimpulan: Persepsi remaja terhadap kondisi, bentuk, dan penampilan fisiknya memiliki keterkaitan yang kuat, berlawanan arah, dan bermakna dengan tingkat rasa cemas yang dialami ketika berinteraksi dalam lingkungan sosial. Pada remaja kelas X di SMKN 9 Kota Tangerang, pandangan yang semakin negatif terhadap diri dan penampilan fisik dapat berkaitan dengan meningkatnya perasaan khawatir, tidak percaya diri, tidak nyaman, serta takut mendapatkan penilaian negatif dari orang lain. Kondisi tersebut dapat membuat remaja merasa lebih cemas ketika berhadapan, berkomunikasi, maupun berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Sebaliknya, remaja yang memiliki pandangan lebih positif dan mampu menerima kondisi fisiknya cenderung memiliki tingkat kecemasan yang lebih rendah dalam menghadapi berbagai situasi sosial Background: Social anxiety is considered a mental health concern that may hinder many adolescents from interacting and adapting to their environment. One factor associated with the emergence of social anxiety is body image, which refers to an individual's perception of their body shape and appearance. However, many adolescents still experience low self-confidence, worry about others' judgments, and tend to avoid social situations. Based on these conditions, further research is needed to examine body image and social anxiety among tenth-grade students at SMKN 9 Kota Tangerang. Methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A total of 190 respondents were included, and data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. Results: Most respondents were in the middle adolescent period (94.7%) and were female (71.6%). The majority of respondents had a negative body image, accounting for 111 respondents (58.4%), while 75 respondents (39.5%) experienced high levels of social anxiety. The Spearman Rank analysis showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.728; p = 0.000). Conclusion: Adolescents' perceptions of their physical condition, body shape, and appearance have a strong, inverse, and significant association with the level of anxiety experienced when interacting in social environments. Among tenth-grade students at SMKN 9 Kota Tangerang, increasingly negative perceptions of oneself and one's physical appearance may be associated with greater feelings of worry, low self-confidence, discomfort, and fear of negative evaluation by others. These conditions may cause adolescents to experience greater anxiety when meeting, communicating, and interacting with people in their surroundings. Conversely, adolescents with more positive perceptions and greater acceptance of their physical appearance tend to experience lower levels of anxiety in various social situations.

Reformulasi Pengaturan Residivisme Dalam KUHP Nasional Sebagai Dasar Pemberatan Pidana

Danang Kris Diantoro, Edwar Kelvin, Dwi Afni Maileni
Abstract: Pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana membawa perubahan penting dalam sistem pemidanaan Indonesia, termasuk pengaturan mengenai pengulangan tindak pidana sebagai dasar pemberatan… beratan pidana. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis reformulasi pengaturan residivisme dalam KUHP Nasional sebagai dasar pemberatan pidana, khususnya dalam membangun pengaturan yang lebih jelas, sistematis, dan memberikan kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif dengan menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan dan bahan hukum yang relevan dengan pengaturan residivisme serta pemberatan pidana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan residivisme dalam KUHP lama melalui Pasal 486, Pasal 487, dan Pasal 488 memiliki karakter terbatas karena pemberatan dikaitkan dengan kelompok tindak pidana tertentu. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan kompleksitas dalam penerapan dan membutuhkan identifikasi riwayat kriminal pelaku secara tepat. KUHP Nasional melalui Pasal 23 memberikan pengaturan yang lebih terstruktur mengenai pengulangan tindak pidana berdasarkan tenggang waktu dan karakteristik tindak pidana, sedangkan Pasal 58 huruf c menempatkan pengulangan tindak pidana sebagai faktor yang memperberat pidana dan Pasal 59 mengatur batas pemberatan paling banyak sepertiga dari maksimum ancaman pidana. Reformulasi tersebut memperlihatkan upaya memperjelas hubungan antara pengulangan tindak pidana dan pemberatan pidana. Namun, penerapannya tetap perlu memperhatikan proporsionalitas, kepastian hukum, tujuan pemidanaan, pembinaan, pencegahan pengulangan, dan reintegrasi sosial. Dengan demikian, reformulasi residivisme perlu diarahkan pada konstruksi yang konsisten dan terukur agar pemberatan pidana tidak hanya berorientasi pada penambahan berat sanksi, tetapi juga mendukung pencegahan residivisme. Pengaturan yang demikian diharapkan mampu memberikan pedoman yang lebih pasti bagi hakim dan aparat penegak hukum dalam menerapkan pemberatan terhadap pelaku yang mengulangi tindak pidana.  The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code has brought important changes in the Indonesian penal system, including regulations regarding the repetition of criminal acts as the basis for criminal charges. This study aims to analyze the reformulation of recidivism regulations in the National Criminal Code as the basis for criminal charges, especially in building clearer, systematic, and more legal certainty regulations. This research uses a prescriptive normative legal research method by examining laws and regulations and legal materials relevant to the regulation of recidivism and criminal charges. The results of the study show that the regulation of recidivism in the old Criminal Code through Article 486, Article 487, and Article 488 has a limited character because the charges are associated with certain groups of criminal acts. This condition creates complexity in implementation and requires proper identification of the criminal history of the perpetrator. The National Criminal Code through Article 23 provides a more structured regulation regarding the repetition of criminal acts based on the grace period and characteristics of the criminal act, while Article 58 letter c places the repetition of criminal acts as a factor that aggravates the crime and Article 59 regulates the limit of the aggravation of a maximum of one-third of the maximum criminal threat. The reformulation shows an effort to clarify the relationship between the repetition of a criminal act and the aggravation of a criminal offense. However, its application still needs to pay attention to proportionality, legal certainty, the purpose of criminalization, coaching, prevention of repetition, and social reintegration. Thus, the reformulation of recidivism needs to be directed at a consistent and measurable construction so that criminal repetition is not only oriented towards increasing the severity of sanctions, but also supports the prevention of recidivism. Such an arrangement is expected to be able to provide a more definite guideline for judges and law enforcement officials in applying the burden to perpetrators who repeat criminal acts.

Standardisasi Uji Keabsahan Pengakuan Bersalah Oleh Hakim Dalam KUHAP Nasional: Sinkronisasi Pasal 78, Pasal 205, Dan Pasal 234 Untuk Menjamin Kesukarelaan Terdakwa

Aulia Rahman Hakim Hasibuan, Indra Utama Tanjung
Abstract: Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana memperkenalkan pengakuan bersalah sebagai mekanisme baru yang tersebar dalam Pasal 78, Pasal 205, dan Pasal 234. Ketiga ketentuan… n tersebut sama-sama memberi ruang percepatan pemeriksaan perkara, tetapi membentuk kedalaman pengujian hakim yang berbeda terhadap kesukarelaan pengakuan terdakwa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsistensi standar pengawasan hakim dalam tiga jalur pengakuan bersalah serta merumuskan parameter minimum yang menjamin pengakuan diberikan secara bebas, sadar, tanpa paksaan, dan berdasarkan pemahaman penuh. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Bahan hukum utama meliputi UU Nomor 20 Tahun 2025, SEMA Nomor 1 Tahun 2026, serta Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 213/PUU-XXIV/2026. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 205 memuat pengujian paling mendalam karena mewajibkan hakim menelusuri kualitas pemeriksaan pada tahap penyidikan dan penuntutan, sedangkan Pasal 78 menekankan kesukarelaan, pendampingan advokat, pemahaman konsekuensi, dan dukungan dua alat bukti. Pasal 234 menggunakan pengujian yang lebih ringkas. Perbedaan ini dapat menimbulkan disparitas tingkat perlindungan terdakwa. Penelitian menawarkan Model Uji Keabsahan Lima Parameter yang mencakup kelayakan prosedural, pendampingan hukum efektif, pemahaman dan pelepasan hak secara sadar, kebebasan dari tekanan, serta dasar faktual dan dokumentasi pengakuan sebagai standar minimum yang dapat diterapkan lintas ketentuan. The enactment of Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Criminal Procedure Code introduced guilty plea mechanisms through Articles 78, 205, and 234. Although all three provisions facilitate an expedited criminal process, they establish different levels of judicial scrutiny over the voluntariness of a defendant's admission. This study examines the consistency of judicial review standards across the three mechanisms and formulates minimum safeguards to ensure that a guilty plea is made freely, knowingly, without coercion, and with full understanding of its legal consequences. The research employs normative legal methods using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The main legal materials are Law Number 20 of 2025, Supreme Court Circular Letter Number 1 of 2026, and Constitutional Court Decision Number 213/PUU-XXIV/2026. The study finds that Article 205 provides the most intensive scrutiny because the judge must review the quality of investigation and prosecution, while Article 78 emphasizes voluntariness, effective legal assistance, informed consequences, and support by two lawful items of evidence. Article 234 adopts a more concise examination. This disparity may produce unequal protection among defendants. The article proposes a Five-Parameter Validity Test covering procedural eligibility, effective legal assistance, informed waiver of rights, freedom from coercion, and factual basis with adequate documentation as a minimum standard across all guilty plea mechanisms.

Kedudukan Ogauta Nias Dalam Sistem Pemidanaan Nasional: Perspektif Legalitas Dan Hak Asasi Manusia

Hepy Krisman Laia, Indra Utama Tanjung
Abstract: Pengakuan terhadap hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana nasional membuka ruang baru bagi penempatan sanksi pidana adat Nias, khususnya Ogauta, dalam sistem pemidanaan Indonesia. Masalah… h penelitian terletak pada ketegangan antara pengakuan kearifan lokal, asas legalitas, dan kewajiban negara melindungi hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, serta menelaah Fondrakö dan Ogauta melalui literatur hukum adat Nias. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ogauta tidak berkedudukan sebagai rezim pemidanaan yang berdiri sendiri, melainkan dapat memperoleh pengakuan secara bersyarat sebagai pemenuhan kewajiban adat apabila memenuhi Pasal 2, Pasal 66, Pasal 96, dan Pasal 597 KUHP, sebagaimana disesuaikan melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2026, serta kriteria Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 55 Tahun 2025. Penelitian ini menawarkan Model Uji Tiga Lapis yang mencakup uji eksistensi adat, uji legalitas nasional, dan uji konstitusionalitas serta hak asasi manusia untuk menentukan apakah suatu bentuk Ogauta dapat diintegrasikan, perlu ditransformasikan, atau tidak dapat diakui dalam sistem pemidanaan nasional. The recognition of living law in Indonesia's national Criminal Code creates a new legal space for positioning Nias customary criminal sanctions, particularly Ogauta, within the national sentencing system. The central problem is the tension between recognition of local wisdom, the principle of legality, and the state's obligation to protect human rights. This research applies normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, while examining Fondrakö and Ogauta through scholarly literature on Nias customary law. The study finds that Ogauta does not operate as an autonomous criminal punishment regime. It may receive conditional recognition as the fulfillment of customary obligations only when it complies with Articles 2, 66, 96, and 597 of the Criminal Code, as adjusted by Law Number 1 of 2026, and with the criteria stipulated by Government Regulation Number 55 of 2025. The article proposes a Three-Layer Review Model consisting of an existence test, a national legality test, and a constitutional and human rights test to determine whether a particular Ogauta sanction can be integrated, requires normative transformation, or cannot be recognized within the national sentencing system.